tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60589256583947236612024-03-05T18:22:19.019-08:00Kevin's AP US Gov BlogKevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-73242105754224293562015-05-03T08:34:00.000-07:002015-05-03T08:38:37.033-07:00Supreme Court and Equal Marriage<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/01/same-sex-marriage-united-states-1-6-2015.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2015/01/same-sex-marriage-united-states-1-6-2015.png" height="465" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">For thousands of years, all definitions of
marriage have defined marriage as the union between male and female only. Yet,
today in the US, same sex marriage has become legalized in 36 states. (Baker,
16, 2015) Conservatives believe they should wait for democracy to play out for
gay marriage to be legalized whereas others believe the 14th amendment protects
homosexuals under the equal protection clause. Due to a strong divide in public
opinion, the justices are afraid of facing backlash from conservative states if
they rule in favor of gay marriage. Should the justices decide on such an
important issue instead of letting the people decide?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Key
Issues<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Precedents/
Judicial Activism & Restraint<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Should the justices strictly adhere to precedents
(judicial restraint) or should they actively make policy to reflect cultural
changes (judicial activism)? People against gay marriage argue that marriage is
a thousand year tradition that has solely been defined as between a man and a
woman, even in Ancient Greece, where homosexual practices were common (Baker,
10, 2015). However, proponents for change argue that the definition of marriage
has changed with social norms, and that the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees
equal protection to all groups, hence justifying legalizing gay marriage for
all people. (Baker, 20, 2015)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent1;">National
supremacy/ federalism<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is controversial for the government to change
the legal code of the states that do not yet support gay marriage. Vice versa,
the federal government would make gay marriage illegal again in 36 states were
it to ban gay marriage. Federal law is generally considered supreme to state
law. Should states have the “right” to determine their own laws based on their
differences in political culture? In addition, states should have to recognize
people as married if they were married in other states due to “full faith and
credit”, but that would be equivalent to states making laws for other states.
The system essentially would have a loophole where people can get married in
another state to be designated as married in a state with no gay marriage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Justices’
Opinions<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2015/04/28/scotus/a68be4ac9adfeee491a9b694573c6531078f8f47/thumbs/kennedy.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2015/04/28/scotus/a68be4ac9adfeee491a9b694573c6531078f8f47/thumbs/kennedy.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Haha I control the right<br />
of all gays to marry ;D</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Justice Breyer and Sotomayor hold a strong
stance in favor of gay marriage. Justice Anthony M. Kennedy is widely
considered the swing vote. Scalia and Alito are the conservative voters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Democracy<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Supreme Court is expected to make objective
rulings in support of the Constitution regardless of public opinion and to
protect minority interests. However, this is arguably undemocratic in nature
and unrepresentative of the people of the United States. Are justices
accountable enough to rule on such an important issue? If the justices do rule
in favor of gay marriage, would the backlash result in the court losing its
legitimacy as a vital branch of government? In addition, there is a question as
to whether it is the liberty of the majority to decide on the meaning of
marriage. Justice Sotomayor argued that the choice of deciding who to marry or
not to marry belongs to individuals, saying that by legalizing gay marriage “we’re
not taking anybody’s liberty away”. (“Excerpts”, 2015, 13)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Personal
Opinion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I believe that since
marriage is a legal mechanism and has added qualities other than just “couple
bonded religiously together”, including taxation, property transferal, and
guardianship, gay marriage should be allowed. The argument that gay marriage
undermines the values of marrying to procreate is fundamentally flawed, since
allowing gays to marry will not necessarily cause heterosexual people to not
want to have kids anymore. Heterosexuals should be protected under the equal
protection clause and allowed marriage rights just like anybody else. I believe
that even though some states strongly with against gay marriage, the court
has to take action to protect gay rights, regardless of whether people like it
or not. What homosexuals want to do has nothing to do with what religious
bigots think. I think if the court makes a decision, it is up to the states to
follow the decision. If the states don’t follow the justices’ opinion, then
democracy is undermined. In addition, the justices do not respond to any
constituents as they stay in the court for life. Thus, politicians shouldn’t
worry too much as their lame careers aren’t necessarily in question, unless
people misattribute policy failure to the politicians which they always do.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAKER, PETER. '‘Millennia’ of Marriage Being Between Man and Woman
Weigh on Justices'. Nytimes.com, 2015. Online. Internet. 3 May 2015. .
Available: <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/29/us/millennia-of-marriage-being-between-man-and-woman-weigh-on-justices.html?_r=0">http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/29/us/millennia-of-marriage-being-between-man-and-woman-weigh-on-justices.html?_r=0</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">'Excerpts From the Supreme Court Same-Sex Marriage Arguments'.
Nytimes.com, 2015. Online. Internet. 3 May 2015. . Available: <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/28/us/same-sex-marriage-supreme-court-excerpts.html">http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/04/28/us/same-sex-marriage-supreme-court-excerpts.html</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-64716547148264273152015-03-29T00:00:00.000-07:002015-03-29T00:00:04.218-07:00Policy Synthesis<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 1.0pt 9.0pt 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The U.S. is a <b>mixed
economy</b>: it plays a major rule in subsidizing, taxing, borrowing, lending. The
US has many regulations, as opposed to a truly free-market economy. Regulation
is designed to ensure economic efficiency and equity. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Economic efficiency</b> results when the output of goods and services
is the highest possible given the input used. Adam Smith supported a free
market economy as being optimal to achieving efficiency and leading companies
to be competitive. However, monopolies may emerge and eliminate competition,
leading to unfair price setting. Government regulation however can decrease
efficiency. A response to overregulation is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">deregulation</b>. However, too little regulation can result. In 2008,
the housing economic crisis resulted as a result of banking and investment
firms not being regulated closely enough. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Economic
equity </b>occurs when an economic transaction is fair to each party. The
Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 was designed to protect investors from
dishonest or imprudent stock and bond brokers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 1.0pt 10.0pt 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The economy tends to
follow a Boom-Bust Economic Cycle. The economy (GDP) peaks, then contracts. It
goes to a trough, and then expands, or recovers. Over time, the trend tends to
be upward. A <span style="color: #2d7496;">recession</span> is defined as a decline
in real (inflation-adjusted) GDP in two successive quarters (six months). A <span style="color: #2d7496;">depression</span> a situation in which there is a real
GDP decline of 10% or more, or a recession that is sustained for over two
years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 1.0pt 9.0pt 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The US promotes economic
growth by supporting business in the following ways: Tax incentives, Corporate
subsidies, Infrastructure provisions, Trade treaty negotiations, Favorable
interest rates, Legal frameworks, Consumer of goods and services, Fiscal
Policy. The government promotes economic growth through taxing and spending<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 9.0pt .25in 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #2d7496; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Demand-side</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">
policies are the brainchild of John Maynard Keynes. Congress funds major
projects to provide jobs, hence income, which increases demand and books
production —> recovery from recessions. A potential problem is that
demand-side policies tend to increase budget deficits and government debt. The
current debt is $13 trillion; 15% of revenue is spent on interest payments. Deficit
is the amount of spending that exceeds earnings over a year. Demand-side
policies provide a short-term solution in the form of an economic <b>stimulus.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 9.0pt .25in 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #2d7496; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Supply-side</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">
policies were greatly promoted by Ronald Reagan. Congress stimulates business
activity — the supply of goods and services — through lower taxes to boost
investment. When companies suddenly have more money, they don’t necessarily
know what to do with the money. Supply-side policies tend to lead to more
socioeconomic inequality in society and to lower revenues and therefore budget
deficits and debt. Bush’s capital gains tax cut (28%—>15%) and highest
marginal rate tax cut (39%—>35%) did not increase economic activity enough
to compensate for lost revenue. Tax cuts and higher spending on Iraq War led to
$432 billion deficit (from a surplus!) and growth in debt from $5.7 trillion to
$10 trillion. <b>Capital gain</b> is money earned from selling stocks. The U.S.
has a corporate tax rate that is arguably uncompetitive, but it has the highest
corporate profits in the world. Many companies don’t pay taxes —> subsidies
(corporate welfare). $59 billion is spent on social assistance and public assistance;
wheat approximately $97 billion is spent on corporate subsidies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/6lIqNjC1RKU/0.jpg" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/6lIqNjC1RKU?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 1.0pt 9.0pt 27.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Monetary policy is based
on adjustments in the amount of money in circulation. The government promotes
stable economic growth by controlling the money supply. A major thinker is
Milton Friedman. Central banks are the most important economic actors. The US
Federal Reserve Board plays important roles: supervising bank lending, limiting
risky banking activities, and providing emergency loans during crises (“lenders
of last resort”). There are two key actions: 1) Raising or lowering the<b>
reserve rate</b>, the amount of cash banks must deposit in the Federal Reserve,
2) Raising or lowering the <b>interest rate</b> on money leant to banks, which
shapes the rates banks lend to investors and consumers, and 3) buying and
selling of government securities, which affects the cost and supply of money. Low
interest rates stimulate borrowing, spending, and investment (cheaper to borrow
and pay back). Higher interest rates discourage borrowing, spending, and
investment (more expensive to borrow and pay back). Two major worries are
unemployment and inflation. The <b>unemployment rate</b> is the proportion of
the labor force actively seeking work, but unable to find jobs. The Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) measures this. High unemployment means many people are
not earning income, which makes life harder for those individuals and families,
and leads to lower consumer spending in the economy. The <b>inflation rate</b>
is the rise in prices for consumer goods. The Consumer Price Index is the key
measure of inflation that relates the rise in prices over time, taken as
percentage increase of prices over a year. Causes of inflation are whatever
causes price increases: too much credit available, leading to over investment; Asset
“bubbles” caused by people willing to pay more than assets like houses are
worth because of confidence in ever-rising prices; Higher raw material prices:
especially energy; and higher labour costs: if wages grow faster than profits,
producers raise prices. Profit confidence: if MNCs can raise prices without
losing customers, they will<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Inflation is a problem
because when prices rise, each dollar is able to purchase less than it used to,
therefore inflation = loss of purchasing power. Inflation and wages: “real
wages”. If wages are lower than inflation, workers earn less. If wages are
higher than inflation, workers earn more. The “real interest rate”: interest
rate - inflation rate. The Great Inflation of the 1970s occurred when widespread
availability of credit coupled with two oil price “shocks” in 1963 and 1979 led
to double-digit (13%) inflation. The response by the Federal Reserve was to
raise interest rates to 17.6%. This policy hurts borrowers, and helps lenders.
Less borrowing </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">
less investment </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">
jobs cut </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> less spending =
lower demand = lower prices = falling inflation. The outcomes were 1.3 million
jobs lost in US, 24% unemployment in the auto sector.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Third Wave of
Environmental Policy started with <i>Silent Spring</i>, a book by Rachel Carson
in 1962 that made people aware of DPP and started a wave of environmental
activism. This led to the EPA, National Environmental Policy Act, Clean Air
Act, and Clean Water Act. The Cuyahoga River in Ohio caught fire, showing the
need for action against water pollution. Earth Day was established in 1970. In
1970, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA) and created the EPA. The NEPA mandated environmental impact statements
for public projects and has prioritized understanding our impacts on the
environment. The EPA conducts and evaluates research, monitors environmental
quality, sets and enforces standards, assists states in meeting standards, and
educates the public.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: .25in 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Problems in making
environmental policy: The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tragedy of
commons:</b> An economics theory that posits that individuals, acting
independently and rationally according to one’s self-interest, behave contrary
to the whole group’s long-term best interests by depleting some common
resource. The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">free rider problem:</b> individual
companies benefit from the collective action of all, which optimizes cheating. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Externalities</b> (external costs): costs
borne by those who did not create the costs. Harming the environment is a cost
to the public, where the public has not chosen for that cost to be incurred
Industrial may seep into nearby lakes and rivers at a cost to society. The
Clean Air Act of 1963 and the Water Quality Act of 1965 required firms to
install antipollution devices. The ocean is an excellent example of a shared
resource that can easily be abused because its shared by many different nations
— Tragedy of the Commons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Earth is warming to
between two and six degrees by 2100 due to carbon dioxide. United States is
leading producer of carbon dioxide, but has not reduced Kyoto treaty. Kyoto
requires reduction in greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2010. States,
like California, are reducing emissions. America is mostly to blame for current
global warming. 25% of Americans deny climate change exists. 60% want
government to limit CO2 emissions. Over 50% want US to take action even if
other states do not. Republicans are shifting away from climate change denial.
The Keystone Pipeline from Alberta to Texas is a major issue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level5 lfo1; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: .25in 27.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">In 2012, 49.7 million
live below the official poverty line - more than 16% of the population, or 1
out of every 6 people. Almost 20% of children (1 in 5) live in poverty. 58% of
Americans will spend at least one year in poverty between the ages of 25 and 78.
1.5 million households live in extreme poverty, surviving on less than $2 a day
before government support. Relative poverty: significantly less income and
wealth than other members of society —> measure of income inequality. OECD
and EU: income below 60% of the national median. In the US, income growth has
mainly occurred in the top 1% and top 10%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Entitlement programs:
government benefits that certain qualified individuals are entitled to by law,
regardless of need, a.k.a. social insurance programs. Means-tested programs:
government programs only available to individuals below a poverty line, a.k.a.
public assistance programs. Social Insurance: Social Security, Unemployment
insurance, Medicare. Public Assistance Programs: Medicaid, Supplemental
Security Income, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), Head Start,
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). In-kind benefits: Food stamps and housing
vouchers. Social Security provides payments to retired persons funded through
payroll taxes on employees and employers. The amount of money received after
retirement is contingent on the amount of money paid into the system while
working.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.kiwiblog.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/federal-spending-2014.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.kiwiblog.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/federal-spending-2014.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Problems arise on the
fact that the amount of money paid out to retirees comes from payroll taxes on
current workers’ salaries. The income problem is that middle class incomes have
been stagnant. The demographic problem: Post-WWII “baby boom” was followed by
declining birth rates, therefore there will be more people collecting in the
future but fewer people paying into the system —> social security is
mathematically unsustainable. Ratio of workers to Social Security beneficiaries
is declining. In 1945, 42 workers paid for one social security beneficiary. In
2005: 3.3 People were paying for each social security beneficiary. Republicans
would rather reduce the deficit than help the poor. Republicans would rather
keep military spending than reduce it. <u>Both</u> Republicans and Democrats want
to keep social security and Medicare benefits at current levels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-44596404575102111602015-03-03T16:18:00.001-08:002015-03-04T04:51:27.317-08:00Judiciary Synthesis<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="http://f.tqn.com/y/politicalhumor/1/S/j/R/3/Harvard-Yale-Court.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://f.tqn.com/y/politicalhumor/1/S/j/R/3/Harvard-Yale-Court.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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In Federalist
No. 78, Hamilton argued for life tenure for federalist judges. Hamilton said
the judicial branch would be the weakest of the three branches, and the best
way to ensure that judicial decisions are fair is to ensure they are free of
all allegiances except of to the rule of law.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Supreme
Court is the nation’s highest court. A court’s jurisdiction is its authority to
hear cases of a particular type. <b>Original
jurisdiction</b> is the authority to be the first court to hear a case. The
Supreme Court’s original jurisdiction includes legal disputes involving cases
in which the opposing parties are state governments. <b>Appellate jurisdiction</b> is the authority to review cases that have
already been heard in lower courts and are appealed to a higher court by the
losing party. Higher courts are called appeals courts or appellate courts. The
Supreme Court does its most important work as an appellate court. Appellate
courts do not retry cases, but determine whether a trial court has acted in
accord with applicable law.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Supreme
Court’s strongest power is <b>judicial
review</b>, where the Supreme Court declares another institution’s actions
unconstitutional. In <i>Marbury v Madison</i>,
the Supreme Court rebuked both the Congress and the President. The Supreme
Court’s primary responsibility is to establish legal <b>precedents</b> through which to guide lower courts.<o:p></o:p></div>
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If at least
four out of nine justices agree to hear a case, the Court issues a <b>writ of certiorari</b>, which is a request
to the lower court to submit to the Supreme Court a record of the case. Each
year about 8000 cases apply, but fewer than a hundred are granted certiorari.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The <b>solicitor general</b> is the top lawyer for
the United States Government. The Supreme Court is most likely to grant cases
appealed by the solicitor general. <o:p></o:p></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg" height="320" width="256" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Roberts: sexy, conservative chief justice</td></tr>
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During a
Supreme Court hearing, each side provides the Court a written <b>brief.</b> An <b>amicus curiae</b> is a brief submitted by a “friend of the court”. The
oral session is followed by the <b>judicial
conference</b>, which is where the judges debate in secrecy. The chief justice
has the choice to be the first speaker, through which he or she can persuade
the rest of the justices on a certain issue.</div>
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The court decision indicates
which party the Court supports and by how large a margin. An <b>opinion</b> includes the legal basis for a
decision. When a majority of justices agree, there is a <b>majority opinion</b>. A <b>concurring
opinion</b> is written when a judge votes with the majority but disagrees on
the reasoning<b>.</b> A judge who votes
against the majority writes a <b>dissenting
opinion</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>District courts</b> are the lowest federal courts. When the losing side
appeals, the case goes up to the US Courts of Appeals. The US has thirteen
courts of appeals, eleven of which handle a circuit of which contains several
states. Another has a jurisdiction over appeals arising in the District of
Columbia and the other (The US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit) has
jurisdiction over appeals involving patents and international trade. Less than
1% of cases heard by federal appeals courts are heard by the Supreme Court. <o:p></o:p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;">Many states elect federal court judges.</span><br />
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State courts decide more than 95%
of the cases in the United States. This is because state laws differentiate
from federal laws, and federal laws may not cover most issues.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/JudicialActivism.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.outsidethebeltway.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/JudicialActivism.jpg" height="293" width="400" /></a></div>
The doctrine of <b>judicial activism</b> says that judges
should actively interpret the Constitution to reflect current conditions and
values. Warren Court in the late 1960s to the mid-1980s was a court of liberal
tendencies and made many key decisions supporting civil rights. On the
contrast, <b>judicial restraint</b> says
that judges should do little to play policymaking roles and leave them to the
legislatures. Rehnquist Court in the late 1980s to mid-2000s was a court of
conservative tendencies.<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment-->Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-91670886387368062162015-02-22T01:09:00.000-08:002015-03-04T04:47:44.674-08:00Bureaucracy Synthesis<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bureaucracies
are large administrative organizations. Today, approximately four million
Americans serve in federal bureaucracies, not counting that of state and local
government workers. The majority of government workers work in regional
offices. A third work for the armed forces or defense agencies. Bureaucracies have decreased in size since the nineties.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A bureaucracy
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where a chain of command from high-level officials to low-level officials
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defined duties for each job position and yields efficiency as an individual
dedicated to a particular job becomes proficient at it. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Formalized rules</b> ensure that a bureaucracy follows established
procedures and regulations so judgments can be quick and consistent.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The fifteen <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">cabinet (executive) departments</b> each are led by a
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general. The President with consent of the Senate appoints the secretaries.
Departments can have semiautonomous operating units. The Department of Justice
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Government corporations</b> receive federal
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<a href="http://adventofdeception.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cia-loves-u-760208.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://adventofdeception.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/cia-loves-u-760208.jpg" height="242" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Independent agencies</b> resemble the
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Presidential commissions</b> provide advice
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Starting with
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on qualifications, via an exam or a training program, and is not partisan.<br />
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<b>Policy implementation </b>is a key role of
bureaucracies. Bureaucracies tend to have discretionary authority in many
areas. The Federal Commissions Commission (FCC)
has a broad mandate to regulate various forms of communication. For a lengthy
period, the FCC required broadcasters to adhere to a fairness standard.
Bureaucrats are most responsive to a view called the <b>agency point of view</b>, which is focused on the needs of the agency
in which they work in. Bureaucrats have the <b>power of expertise</b>, as they tend to be experts in their particular
policy area. <b>Clientele groups</b> have
power when they lobby with the government agencies that have dominions that
concern them. These relationships tend to be mutual, and don’t exist elsewhere
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<a href="http://patriotupdate.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/gop-budget-cutting-cartoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://patriotupdate.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/gop-budget-cutting-cartoon.jpg" height="217" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">budgetary process</b> of government
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Executive Office of the President. Agencies receive guidelines through which to
work with to make budget proposals (Spring). The president then works on the
margins of the budget proposals in combining them for a presidential budget
proposal for Congress (next January). The proposal goes to the House and Senate
budget committees, which recommend overall spending and revenue levels. The
work then goes to the House and Senate appropriations committees. Subcommittees
have responsibilities for particular policy areas, such as defense or agriculture.
Subcommittees may cut an agency’s budget or increase it. Throughout this
process, the House and Senate rely on the Congressional Budget Office.<br />
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Bureaucratic accountability</b> is the
degree to which bureaucrats are held accountable. Through the presidency,
bureaucracy can be put through <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reorganization</b>.
In 2004, the Office for the Director of National Intelligence was created,
which fifteen intelligence agencies now report to. Presidents rely on their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">presidential appointees</b>, who hold top
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Hatch Act</b> was passed in 1939 to prevent government officials from using public funds or public works for electoral purposes and protected government employees from being fired on partisan grounds. It also prevents government officials from taking part in others' campaigns.</div>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">iron triangle</b> network is a pattern of
relationships between an agency in the executive branch, Congress, and special interest
groups lobbying that agency. Corruption can result if interest groups find a
way to please those in power.<o:p></o:p></div>
Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-40113612503109837432015-02-15T15:34:00.000-08:002015-03-04T04:13:04.486-08:00The Presidency Synthesis<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://conservbyte.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Barack-Obama-Not-Bad-300x228.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://conservbyte.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Barack-Obama-Not-Bad-300x228.jpg" /></a><span style="text-indent: 24pt;"> </span></div>
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Over the course of history, the
president’s power has become larger than what the framers envisioned. The
Constitution grants the president command of the nation’s military, but only
Congress can declare war. Nevertheless, presidents on their own authority have
launched military attacks abroad on more than a two hundred occasions. <o:p></o:p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;">This has led
some to call the modern presidency an </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;">imperial
presidency</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;">: one where the president makes actions without the consent of
Congress.</span><br />
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The President can act as a
diplomatic leader with the ability to appoint ambassadors and negotiate
treaties with other countries, subject to a two-thirds vote of the Senate. In
1937, the Supreme Court ruled that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">executive
agreements</i>, formal agreements that presidents make on with foreign nations,
are legally binding in the same way treaties are.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The President has grown to be so
powerful due to two factors: national election ad singular authority. These two
factors make the President most suited to be called the nation’s leader. The
nineteenth century view of the president was expressed in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Whig theory</b>, which said that the
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The Presidency needs to be strong
due to Congress being ill suited to direct the many programs and agencies
required to run a country. In the Presidency, final authority rests on a single
individual, the president. The President has also grown powerful in foreign
policy. Foreign policy requires singleness of purpose and, at times, fast action.<o:p></o:p></div>
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On four occasions, candidates
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electoral votes being the key factor. In 1824, Congress was called upon when
neither JQA nor Andrew Jackson received a majority of electoral votes. In 2000
when Al Gore received the most popular votes, Bush still won thanks to
electoral votes, along with the running of third-party candidate Ralph Nader.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
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presidential power to the vice president. For a short time, Reagan was
considered disabled while going through surgery to recover from an
assassination attempt. After the vice president’s seat becomes vacant, the
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The selection process of the
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chosen in national party conventions by delegates selected by state and local
party organizations, while Electoral College members cast their ballots for the
popular-vote winner in their respective states. <o:p></o:p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;">When a candidate campaigns before primaries or
caucuses start, it is called an </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;">invisible
primary</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;">. A candidate seeking the presidency must have </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;">campaign momentum</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;">: starting strong in the primaries and caucuses.
The presidential election follows the </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;">unit
rule</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;">, where the candidate with the most electoral votes in a state gets all
the electoral votes of the state. An </span><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;">open
party caucus</b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt; text-indent: 24pt;"> allows all people to vote regardless of party identification.</span><br />
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The President can impound funds,
where the president refuses to release appropriated funds to executive
agencies. Congress in 1974 responded with the Congressional Budget and
Impoundment Act, which required the president to spend all appropriated funds
and set up an independent Congressional Budget Office.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="http://thegovernmentrag.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/watergate1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://thegovernmentrag.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/watergate1.jpg" /></a><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Executive privilege</b> is the ability of the president to protect
personal material. Nixon tried to use this ability during the Watergate
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Congress created the <b>Executive
Office of the President</b> (EOP) in 1939 to provide the president with the staff
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the command center of the presidency. The White House Office (WHO) consists of
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The heads of the fifteen
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Strong presidents have usually a
strategic vision of where they want to lead the country, as well as a clear
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attributes include the ability to manage a crisis, demonstrate leadership, appoint
quality officials, set and clarify the national agenda, achieve a legislative
agenda, and achieve success in the foreign policy arena. Examples include
Kennedy’s New Frontier; Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society; Nixon’s foreign policy
achievements and the ending of the Vietnam War; Reagan and George H.W. Bush and
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The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">honeymoon period</b> is the president’s first 100 days of office where
the president has great relations with Congress, lots of success passing bills,
and great <b>approval ratings</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<o:p></o:p></div>
Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-60537769446064428802015-02-08T09:39:00.001-08:002015-03-04T03:02:46.310-08:00Congress Synthesis<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.juancole.com/images/2013/01/jamiolcapitol.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.juancole.com/images/2013/01/jamiolcapitol.gif" height="320" width="308" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Heh.</td></tr>
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Before 1900, a third of the seats
in Congress switched hands, mostly voluntarily. The job was not as powerful as
it would have been to serve in state governments. Many members of Congress today are
professional politicians. The pay is $170,000 and the prestige is high,
especially in the Senate.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Incumbents</b> have a roughly 90% of winning reelection. The main
reason incumbents win so easily is because their respective parties are so
strong in their states. An incumbent caters to the constituency: the people
residing in the incumbent’s state or district. Members of Congress work to get
federal spending projects, which are mocked as pork, or <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pork-barrel </b>spending. Incumbents can respond to their constituents’
individual requests, known as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">service
strategy</b>. Incumbents have an advantage when it comes to raising campaign
funds. Most PACs are reluctant to go against an incumbent. Nearly 90% of PAC
contributions go towards the incumbent. A race without an incumbent is an <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">open-seat election. </b><o:p></o:p><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Midterm
elections </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;">happen every two years to decide Congressmen.</span><br />
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Seats in the House of
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">The responsibility for House election <b>redistricting </b>rests with state
governments. </span><!--EndFragment-->. The majority party can draw
the boundaries in a way that favors candidates of its party – a process called <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gerrymandering</b>. Iowa is an exception
that entrusts its redistricting to a nonpartisan commission. In 1962, the landmark <i>Baker v Carr</i> gave way to a series of suits on legislative apportionment. The Supreme Court ruled in <i>Baker v Carr</i> that districts had to be drawn to be near equal in population as possible. In the one man, one vote principle, districts have to provide equal representation for all citizens.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://socialcapital.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/illinois-4th-district-map-gerrymandering.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://socialcapital.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/illinois-4th-district-map-gerrymandering.jpg" height="299" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dem curves.</td></tr>
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<o:p></o:p><br />
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There are some pitfalls of incumbency.
The first comes from disruptive issues; when voters are angry about the
existing political conditions, they are more likely to vote incumbents out of
office. This happened in 2006 after the Iraq War when twice as many incumbents
were voted out of office, most of them Republicans. The second comes from
personal misconduct: about a fourth of House incumbents who lost their bids
were involved in ethical questions. The third is turnout variation: During
midterm elections, the president’s party tends to lose House seats. In the 2010
midterm election, the Democrats lost House seats. More voters tend to show up
at presidential elections, where they vote more responsively to the issues of
the moment. Voters also vote according to their view of the president’s
performance. In primaries, extreme partisans are more likely to vote than
moderate ones. Candidates have to choose more extreme sides during the
primaries. Incumbents in the Senate face strong opposition because their seats
are so attractive, especially to wealthy people. House incumbents face less
opposition other than when the electorate is dissatisfied.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The safety of incumbents in US
elections means that Congress is not very responsive to changes in public
opinion. Congress thus has not made many policy changes despite the changes in
public opinion.<o:p></o:p></div>
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House members must be at least
twenty-five years of age and have been a citizen for seven years. Senators have
age and citizenship requirements of thirty and nine years. Both must be
residents of the state they represent. Members of Congress are
disproportionately white and male. Congress has a man-to-woman ratio of 4:1. Most members of Congress are Christian, with a plurality being Protestant.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://static2.businessinsider.com/image/50a684d169bedd811b000027-790-838/religious-makeup-113th-congress.png?maxX=590" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://static2.businessinsider.com/image/50a684d169bedd811b000027-790-838/religious-makeup-113th-congress.png?maxX=590" height="640" width="603" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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Every two years, at the start of a
new term, party members in each chamber elect their <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">party leaders</b>. Party members also meet periodically in a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">party caucus</b> to plan strategy, develop
issues, and resolve policy differences. Party unity is strong in Congress. In
Congress, party members tend to vote together on legislation. Democrats and
Republicans are often on opposite sides of issues.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
Party Leadership in Congress
differs slightly between the House and the Senate. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Speaker of the House is active in developing
the party’s positions on issues and in persuading party members in the House to
support them. The Speaker has the right to speak first during debate on
legislation and the power to recognize members, or choose members to speak on
the floor. The above power matters because there is limited time on debate. The
Speaker chooses the chairperson and majority-party members of the House Rules
Committee, which controls the scheduling of bills. The Speaker may ask the
Rules Committee to delay sending a bill to the floor until there is sufficient
support for its passage. The Speaker is assisted by the House majority leader
and the House majority whip. The majority leader organizes the debate on bills
and lines up legislative support. The whip informs party members on the
positions for critical votes. The minority party also has its House leaders.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
The most important position in the
Senate is the Senate majority leader. The Senate majority leader has a similar
role to the Speaker of the House and is assisted by a majority whip. The Senate
majority leader’s position is less powerful than that of the Speaker’s, because
Senate members don’t look up for leadership as much and the chamber’s presiding
officer is the Vice President. The VP can vote only in the case of a tie. In
the absence of the VP, the role of presiding officer job is assigned over to
the president pro tempore, who is usually the majority party’s most senior
member. The Senate has unlimited debate.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
Most of the work in Congress is
done through <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">standing committees</b>,
which are permanent committees with responsibility for particular areas of
public policy. Most standing committees have subcommittees. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Select committees</b> are created for a
specific time period and purpose. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Joint
committees</b> provide advisory functions. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Conference
committees</b> work out differences between House and Senate versions of a
particular bill.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
A <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bill</b> is a proposed legislative act. When a bill is proposed to the
House or Senate, it is sent to the relevant committee. It goes to the
subcommittee, back to the full committee. In the House, it goes through the
House Rules Committee, before it goes to the House floor. <b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Markup</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;">
is the process by which bills are amended, debated, and rewritten. </span>The first function Congress has is
the lawmaking function. Congress can make laws authorizing federal programs and
appropriating the funds necessary. The complex process of Congress can cause it
to struggle with making complex legislation. Congress is supported by three
congressional agencies. These are the Congressional Budget Office, which
provides monetary insight, the Government Accountability Office, which oversees
executive agencies’ spending of money, and the Congressional Research Service,
which conducts research and responds to information requests.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.msnbc.com/sites/msnbc/files/steve-benenB5184200-8003-B233-C5D0-8236609B3E60.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.msnbc.com/sites/msnbc/files/steve-benenB5184200-8003-B233-C5D0-8236609B3E60.jpg" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
The second function is
representation. Congress represents the interests of constituents <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Logrolling</b> involves the trading one’s
vote with another member’s so both get what they want. Constituents have little
awareness of most issues that come before Congress. Members of Congress
typically sides against the constituents and with their respective parties.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
The third function of Congress is
the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">oversight function</b>, which is the
responsibility to ensure that the executive branch carries out its actions
faithfully. Oversight is carried out largely through the committee system of
Congress. Since oversight is so demanding, it is not pursued actively. In cases
of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">executive privilege</b>, officials
are allowed to withhold confidential information affecting national security
during testimonials.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-87434218973002219802015-02-02T03:46:00.002-08:002015-02-02T03:47:01.044-08:00Media Synthesis<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Mass media refers to the diversified media technologies intended to reach a large audience through mass communication, such as TV, radio, movies, websites, blogs, and music. The news are an account of obtruding events that are timely, dramatic, and compelling. Americans spend 4 hours a day watching TV.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.psychalive.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/kids-watch-TV-300x199.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.psychalive.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/kids-watch-TV-300x199.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>In order for democracy to function well masses require both accurate information as well as some context of the larger social forces. People cannot make sound political decisions otherwise democracy requires continual citizen participation. This brings up the ideal media functions: 1) Provide accounts to the public of political events, 2) Keep the public informed about key issues and debates, 3) Contribute to the enactment of policy, and 4) Guard against the abuse of power, which can include both private and public institutions, and can be done through fact-checking and satirical criticism.</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>News Media initially developed in US as partisan newspapers. This led to the period of “yellow journalism”, in the late 19th century. The news that defined “yellow” journalism was extremely exaggerated, sensationalistic, scandal-mongering, and blatantly false — all for the purpose of selling more newspapers.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/spanwar/world-2-17-1898.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/spanwar/world-2-17-1898.jpg" height="400" width="396" /></a></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Afterwards, the <b>norm of objectivity</b> developed<b>. </b>Objective journalism: reporting facts rather than opinions and is “fair” in that it presents both sides of the partisan debate. However, this can be, arguably, a very narrow perspective. NY Times is an example of a newspaper that voluntarily aimed to be as objective as possible, leading to its reputation today as one of the world’s best.</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was established in 1934 to regulate <b>public broadcasting frequencies. </b>Initially, radio frequencies were limited, so the job of the FCC was to regulate said frequencies. It required licensees to be impartial in political coverage. The </span><span class="s2">“Equal time”</span><span class="s1"> provision of Communications Act required broadcasters to offer equal access to airwaves for political candidates. The </span><span class="s2">Fairness doctrine</span><span class="s1"> prohibited broadcasters from promoting one party or issue over, or at the expense of, another. These measures of broadcasting regulations were rescinded in 1990s after cable TV came to dominate market, and the FCC decided that the regulations didn’t have to be upheld longer due to the wide availability of new channels. This led to an explosion of opinion-based news media.</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>Patterson identifies four media functions:</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>1) The <b>signaling function</b> is to alert the public to important events. This enables media to act as agenda setters, which allows the media to shape what is on peoples’ minds. Focus is much more on selling an audience to advertisers than on informing the public due to profit motive.</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>2) The <b>common-carrier function</b> is the channel for political leaders to communicate with citizens. However, TV news is more centered on journalists then leaders, who get only short 10-second sound bites. This is due to journalists focusing more on the political game and the personalities of leaders.</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<a href="http://swflmlswatchdog.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/watchdog2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://swflmlswatchdog.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/watchdog2.gif" height="133" width="200" /></a><span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>3) The <b>watchdog function</b> exposes incompetence and corruption. This is sometimes referred to as “4th branch of government”. The 1st Amendment makes libel extremely difficult, which assists the watchdog function in the United States.</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>4) The <b>Partisan Function</b> advocates particular viewpoints. Traditional news media don’t exhibit strong liberal or conservative bias — but do have a mainstream bias. Media has been strongly biased towards “bad news” — negative reporting, which leads to perceptions of bias. Talk radio is highly conservative and very influential. National Public Radio (NPR) is a liberal exception. Cable news is biased: MSNBC liberal, CNN centrist, Fox conservative. Most successful blogs have a liberal bias.</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>News is a big business. The demand and limitations that arise from the drive to make money have a major effect on the content of the news. The news sells the audience.</span></div>
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1"><span class="Apple-tab-span"> </span>While the US prides itself in being free from government control, the US isn’t free from the requirements of the market. News marketplace is shaped by what will maximize an audience. This leads to a mediated reality. The political reality tends to present a narrow, stereotypical reality; what we expect or desire. As a result, poor and certain minorities hare largely underrepresented. Anything complex that deals with larger social political issues doesn’t get covered or is condensed in terms of some specific individualized story. For example, white suburban flight didn’t get reported in the news because it happened slowly across decades.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="p1">
<span class="s1">Many people believe things that <b>aren’t true</b>. For instance, when asked whether Al-Qaeda was linked with Iraq, most Americans responded yes when in fact it wasn't true. Also, today, 40% of young adults do not watch the news at all.<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://usiraq.procon.org/files/1-us-iraq-images/bush-on-uss-abraham-lincoln-gives-mission-accomplished-victory-speech.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://usiraq.procon.org/files/1-us-iraq-images/bush-on-uss-abraham-lincoln-gives-mission-accomplished-victory-speech.jpg" height="179" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">'murica</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span></div>
Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-14007467587370503952015-01-24T00:21:00.000-08:002015-02-02T03:46:51.761-08:00Interest Groups Synthesis<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Interest groups have grown to be
a key, if not the most influential, linkage institution in America.<span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;"> An interest group is an organization of people
with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try
to achieve these goals. Interest groups are distinct from parties. Political
parties fight election battles; interest groups do not field candidates for
office, but they may choose sides. Interest groups are policy specialists;
political parties are policy generalists. Politicians are often experts at
politics but not policy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">There are multiple theories of interest group politics:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">1) The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pluralist theory</b> says
that politics is mainly a competition among groups; each one pressing for its
own preferred politics. “…society is best seen as a collection of special
interests and is best served by a process that serves a wide array of those
interests”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">2) The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elite theory</b> says that societies
are divided among class lines and an upper elite class rules, regardless of the
formal processes of governmental organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">3) The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">hyperpluralist theory</b>
says that groups are so strong and interests so diverse and conflictual that
government is weakened.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">In pluralism, or group theory, groups provide a key link between the people
and the government. The theory suggests that due to fair group competition, <span style="color: #4f81bd;">no one group will ever dominate.</span> Groups play by
the “rules of the game”: Groups weak in one resource may use another, while lobbying
is open to all so it is not a problem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">The elite theory denies pluralism by saying that real power is held by the
relatively few. The largest corporations hold the most power; they command the
most resources and can claim that their success is necessary for the health of
the overall economy. Elite power is fortified by a system of interlocking
directorates of these corporations and other institutions. Other groups may win
many minor policy battles, but elites prevail when it comes to big policy
decisions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<a href="http://facultyweb.wcjc.edu/users/kingsleyi/documents/Govt2301/2301-Lecture-Notes/2301-Interest%20Groups_files/image003.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://facultyweb.wcjc.edu/users/kingsleyi/documents/Govt2301/2301-Lecture-Notes/2301-Interest%20Groups_files/image003.jpg" height="277" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">Hyperpluralism suggests that there are subgovernments, networks of groups
that exercise a great deal of control over specific policy areas. These consist
of interest groups, government agency, and congressional committees that handle
particular policies, forming what are also known as <span style="color: #4f81bd;">iron
triangles</span>. The hyperpluralist critique says that groups have become too
powerful as the government tries to appease every interest. Having many subgovernments
(iron triangles) aggravates the process. Interest groups can give strong electoral
support to Congress and funding and political support to bureaucracy who give
low regulation and special favors to interest groups.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Interest groups can have varying
levels of effectiveness. A potential group is all the people who might be
interest group members because they share a common interest. An interest group
has high start-up costs: large investment by a small few necessary to take
collective action. This brings up the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">free-rider
problem</b>, when some people don’t join because they can benefit from the
group without joining. The bigger the group is, the larger the problem is.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Large interest groups are
difficult to organize. Olson’s theory of large groups says, “The larger the
group, the further it will fall short of providing an optimal amount of a
collective good”. Thus, the larger they are, the less united on policy. Small
groups are subsequently more organized and more focused than large groups. Multinational
corporations are successful because there are few of them and, therefore, have
an easier time organizing for political action. Customer groups have a
difficult time getting significant policy gains because the benefits are spread
over the entire population.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The intensity of the issue helps
determine its success. Single-issue groups are groups that focus on a narrow
interest, dislike compromise, and often draw membership from people new to
politics. Groups may focus on an emotional issue, providing them with a
psychological advantage. Intensity encourages non-conventional means of
participation. Money is another major factor; interest groups backed by financial
institutions have a much higher chance of success than interest groups without
much financial backing.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Lobbying is a major force within
interest groups. Inside lobbying is the use of close connections with
policymakers. Outside lobbying is the placing of constituency pressure on
policymakers. Lobbyists are a source of information, help politicians plan
political strategies for reelection campaigns, and are a source of ideas and
innovations. The USDA approved drug-filled milk because of lobbyists.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.commondreams.org/sites/default/files/imce-images/color-super-pacs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.commondreams.org/sites/default/files/imce-images/color-super-pacs.jpg" height="248" width="320" /></a>Electioneering involves direct
group involvement in the election process. Political Action Committees (PACs)
are political funding vehicles used by interest groups to donate money. Donations
to particular candidates capped at $5000/year. Most PAC money goes to
incumbents. Super PACs allow unlimited monetary contributions from individuals
and organizations. The subtle difference between the two is that super PACs
cannot coordinate directly with campaigns. However, super PACs still pay for TV
ads supporting issues and attacking rivals.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
If an interest group fails in one
area, courts may be able to provide a remedy. Interest groups can file <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">amicus curiae</b> briefs to influence a
court’s decision. Amicus curiae refer to briefs submitted by a “friend of the
court” to raise additional points of view and present information not contained
in the briefs of the formal parties. Class action lawsuits can also permit a
small number of people to collectively sue.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Groups use public opinion to
influence policymakers. Interest groups may focus on economic interests such as
labor, agriculture, and business. Nearly two-thirds of lobby groups in Washington are business related. Ideological groups are driven by deeply held
beliefs to lobby on a number of related issues: NOW, NAACP. An environmental group
is Greenpeace. A consumer and public interest lobby is the Better Business
Bureau.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Lowi argues the <span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-themecolor: accent1;">public interest is not upheld</span>
if the system gives special interests the ability to determine policies
affecting them, particularly if they go against what public opinion supports.
This is the counter-argument to interest group pluralism.<o:p></o:p></div>
Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-66860292080600939302015-01-11T09:46:00.000-08:002015-01-11T09:48:04.717-08:00Political Behavior Mass Synthesis<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; tab-stops: 1.0pt .25in 28.0pt 56.0pt 84.0pt 112.0pt 140.0pt 168.0pt 196.0pt 224.0pt 3.5in 280.0pt 308.0pt 336.0pt; text-autospace: none;">
<o:p> </o:p><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: accent1;">PUBLIC OPINION</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Public opinion</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">:
politically relevant opinions held by ordinary citizens that they express
openly. <b>Political socialization</b>: the process by which individuals acquire
their political opinions. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">P<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">olitical culture </span></b>refers to the
characteristic and deep-seated beliefs of a particular people about government
and politics. Americans are unusually committed to “liberty, equality, and
self-government”. Most people’s political beliefs are formed in childhood from
their parents. Political socialization is cumulative: people’s beliefs affect
how information is interpreted. Political socialization takes place through<b>
agents of socialization.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
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<a href="http://todayinamericatv.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/today-in-america-american-families.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://todayinamericatv.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/today-in-america-american-families.jpg" height="275" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Primary agents interact closely and regularly usually early in life.
Children place trust in what their parents say, thus, many adults today are
Republicans or Democrats wholly because their parents were the same. Schools
often emphasize America’s greatest moments. Schools in the US open with The
Pledge of Allegiance, where students pledge their national loyalty. Although
not a majority, many children attend church regularly, which can shape beliefs
about society’s obligations to the poor and<i> unborn</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Secondary agents have a less intimate connection and usually have a
larger effect later in life. The media has an <i>agenda-setting effect,</i>
where people tend to believe topics emphasized by the media are the most
important. People in authority are sources of opinion (George bush on attacking
Afghanistan after 911)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Frames of reference are important because they 1) offer an
indication of how people think politically and 2) provide a common cause, which
can result in strength in numbers. Frames of reference include party
identification and political ideology. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Party
Identification</b> refers to a person’s ingrained sense of loyalty to a
political party. Most self-described independents have a partisan tendency. Younger
people are most likely to switch loyalties, which can happen in the context of
momentous upheaval (increase in Democrats in response to the New Deal). <i>Selective
perception</i> is the process whereby people selectively choose from incoming
information points that support what they already believe. The Democratic Party
has supported social welfare and workers’ rights policies, and has many union
workers supporting it. The Republican Party has supported pro-business and
tax-reduction policies, and has many people in business supporting it. Democrats
are more likely to support government assistance for the poor, toughening
environmental laws. Republicans are more likely to oppose same-sex marriage and
support strengthening the military.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">People have a <b>political ideology</b> if they hold to a coherent
set of beliefs. Farmers do not have a true political ideology because they tend
to oppose assistance to the economically vulnerable unless they are the
recipients. A looser definition applies to more Americans. Economic liberals
believe the government should play a substantial role in the distribution of
economic benefits, working to make sure the less advantaged get a fair share of
society’s wealth. Economic conservatives believe the government should leave
the distribution of economic benefits alone. Social liberals would leave
lifestyle choices to the individual (same-sex marriage, abortion, school
prayer, criminal justice). Social conservatives use the government to promote
traditional values. A <b>libertarian</b> is economically conservative but
socially liberal. A <b>populist</b> is economically liberal but socially
conservative. When the US economy went into a recession in 2008, many motor
Americans said in polls that they wanted government assistance to the
economically disadvantaged. When Ronald Reagan was in office, many more people
supported leaving the economy alone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Group Orientation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Religion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Fundamentalist and Roman Catholics tend to oppose abortion, while
Protestants and Jews are pro-choice. Catholics and Jews tend to support poverty
programs, while Protestants and Jews believe more in self-reliance. The religious
right consists of Christians who believe that the Bible is an infallible truth;
they thus have very differing opinions from the rest of population as a whole.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Economic Class<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Lower-income Americans are more likely to support welfare assistance
programs and business regulation. Higher-income Americans are ore supportive of
tax cuts. People with similar incomes but different occupations do not share
the same views. Support for collective bargaining is higher among factory
workers than other people of the same income. However, labor unions have become
less supportive of Democrats in recent years due to their failure to help pass
collective bargaining legislation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Region<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">For a period in U.S. history, the North and South were divided over
the issues of race and states’ rights. Regional differences continue to exist
on some issues, including social welfare and civil rights. Red states
(Republican bastions) are clustered in the South, Great Plains, and Rocky
Mountains. Blue states are (Democratic bastions) are found mostly in the
Northeast, the northern Midwest, and the West Coast.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Race and Ethnicity<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Blacks and Hispanics are more supportive of affirmative action and
less trusting of police and the judicial system than are non-Hispanic whites.
Blacks are also more likely to request economic assistance programs, although
this relates to income and education levels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Gender<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Women differ with men by about 10 percentage points on support for
affirmative action. Women care more about social welfare issues. Women tend to
have more liberal opinions on these issues, because of their greater economic
vulnerability and their greater role in childcare. Women were 20% more likely
than men to favor spending on public education. Men are more likely than women
to support the use of military force (Iraq and Afghanistan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Generations and Age<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Americans who came of age during WWII have a greater sense of civic
duty than any other American generation that came before or since. Americans
who came of age during the Vietnam War were more distrustful of the government.
Americans of different ages respond differently to age-related policies
(younger people support increased education spending more than older people).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The Measurement of Public Opinion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">In a <b>public opinion poll</b>, relatively few individuals — the <b>sample</b>
— are interviewed in order to estimate the opinions of a whole <b>population</b>.
If residents are chosen at random from a population, their opinions will
approximate those of the population as a whole. The size of the sample matters
in determining the accuracy of the estimates. The degree to which a sample
estimates might differ from what the population actually thinks is the<b>
sampling error</b>. A properly drawn study of about 1000 individuals has a
sampling error of roughly plus or minus 3 percent. In 1936 the Gallup
Organization stopped polling several weeks before the 1948 election and missed
a later voter shift that led Harry Truman to victory. Problems with polls. Some
Americans do not have phones, and some Americans will not be at home when called
or refuse to participate. Sometimes respondents may answer questions on
unfamiliar issues to appear uninformed — these are labeled “non-opinions”. Interviewees
will sometimes give what they view as the “socially appropriate response”:
although voter turnout rarely exceeds 60%, 75% or more of respondents will
claim they have voted. The “Bradley effect”: tendency for a black candidate to
receive fewer votes than the polls predict (although things have improved —
Obama). Question order and wording can also affect poll results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The Influence of Public Opinion on Policy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Some believe that the government should take into account the
opinions the public holds. Others argue that public opinion is too whimsical
and uninformed to form the basis of a sound government. Public opinion is
mostly seen as strongly affecting policymakers, although it varies across
situations and issues. There are limits on the public’s influence: Americans
tend to want a balanced federal budget, yet they are not supportive of the
measures that balance it (increased taxes, lower social security and defense
spending). Americans also tend to be politically uninformed, which makes
complex issues hard for people to form sound opinions on. Opinions on some
issues are so settled that officials will likely not succeed trying to work
against them. The greater the level of public involvement, the likelier the
policy will shift towards public opinion. Leaders have a degree of discretion
on decisive action for the economy. On issues that fail to attract widespread
attention, leaders have considerable room to maneuver. Leaders can influence
public opinion to match their public policy. Over a six-month period, when Bush
pressed for war, public support for war gradually increased. Thus, <i>public
opinion tends to affect policy to a greater degree</i> than policymaker’s
agendas affect public opinion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-themecolor: accent1;">VOTER PARTICIPATION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">At the nation’s founding, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">suffrage</b>
was limited to property-owning white males. Women did not get to vote until
1920, from 19<sup>th</sup> Amendment. African Americans got the right to vote
in the 15<sup>th</sup> Amendment. Afterwards, poll taxes, whites-only
primaries, rigged literacy tests made it still unequal. In 1971, the 26<sup>th</sup>
Amendment extended voting rights to include citizens eighteen years of age or
older, where the previous limit was 21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">Factors in Voter Turnout: The United States in Comparative Perspective<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">Since the 1960s, voter turnout has averaged about 55 percent in
presidential elections. Midterm election turnout has not reached 50% since 1920
and has hovered around 40% in recent decades. In local elections, 20% of
eligible voters participate. Voter participation in the US is lower than in
other countries. Registration began around the 1900s to prevent duplicate votes.
State governments traditionally set registration requirements. Restrictive laws
in the US lead to lower turnout rates compared to European countries. States
with more restrictive laws have lower turnout rates. In 1993, Congress enacted
the motor voter law to allow people to register when applying for a driver’s
license or public assistance. Voter ID laws have been enacted in a few states,
with the example of photo ID requirements decreasing voter turnout especially
for poorer people who can’t afford a passport or driver’s license. American
elections are more frequent than in European nations, which increases the
likelihood that American voters will not vote every time. Elections in the
United States are traditionally held on Tuesday, where Americans would have to
find time outside of work, versus a holiday or weekend day in other countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Why Some Americans Vote and
Others Do Not<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Education and Income<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">People who have received higher levels of education and have higher income
have above-average voting rates; these people have the financial resources and
communication skills that encourage participation and make voting rewarding. Europeans
with less income don’t vote as less as Americans with less income; the
difference can be attributed to the United States not having a socialist or
labor party. Americans with less income and education are also adversely affected
by the registration system.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.aicuo.edu/images/GOW/Graph-o-Week_voting%20rates.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.aicuo.edu/images/GOW/Graph-o-Week_voting%20rates.jpg" /></a></div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Age<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">Young adults are much less likely to vote than middle-aged and older
citizens. In the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections, turnout among younger
voters increased substantially, due to many young people opposing the Bush
administration’s conduct of the Iraq War. Older people, who have children and
homes, are also more likely to feel the effects of election outcomes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-fareast-language: JA; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Civic Attitudes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">Apathy</span></b><span style="mso-fareast-language: JA;">, or a lack of interest in politics, affects
some citizens. Others refrain because of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">alienation</b>,
the belief that government pays no attention to their interests. Some Americans
have a sense of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">civic duty</b>, the
belief that they should participate in public affairs. Civic duty and apathy
are both attitudes that are usually acquired from parents. When the Democratic
Party took the lead on civil rights issues in the 1960s, many working-class
white Democrats simply stopped voting instead of switching to the other party.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The four main <b>linkage
institutions</b> are political parties, elections, the media, and interest groups.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: accent1;">POLITICAL PARTIES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Political parties are the means
to achieve “who gets when, what, how, and why”. The nature of the party system
is competitive. A Party must be looked at as on organization, at its
relationship with the electorate, and its role in government.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://newsbusters7.s3.amazonaws.com/images/2013/September/Republicans%20vs.%20Democrats.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://newsbusters7.s3.amazonaws.com/images/2013/September/Republicans%20vs.%20Democrats.jpg" height="194" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: accent1;">The Two Parties<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Party Eras<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The first party era (1828-1860)
constituted of the Democrats dominating the presidency and Congress. The second
period (1860-1932) was the Republican era. The third era (1932-1968)
contributed to the success of the New Deal and was led by the Democrats. The
fourth period (1968-present) has been called the era of divided government:
characterized by one party holding the presidency and an opposition party in
one or both houses of Congress. The 2008 presidential election saw a
short-lived emergence of a one-party rule by the Democrats; this ended with the
2010 midterm elections when the Republicans regained control of the House of
Representatives.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Party Realignment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Party realignment is the shift
of party loyalty. This occurred once in 1932 after the Great Depression, where
the public turned to the New Deal policies of Franklin Roosevelt. Roosevelt’s
New Deal was similar to Kennedy’s New Frontier, and Johnson’s Great Society. The
growth of the federal government and social programs became part of the
Democratic platform.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Period of Divided Government<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The Watergate scandal and
Nixon’s resignation in 1974 saw a weakened GOP and the eventual loss by Gerald
Ford to Jimmy Carter in 1976. Reagan attracted a Democratic base of
middle-class workers to his candidacy. From 1981 to 1986 the Republicans were
able to control the Senate. There was an emergence of an ideological party era
with the election of Bill Clinton in 1992. Although Clinton had a democratic
majority in both houses during his first term, passing legislation faced
conflict due to liberals, moderates and conservatives not always voting on
party lines.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Third Parties<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Third parties, although knowing
they have virtually no chance of winning, still wage a vocal campaign. Third
political parties are ideological, single-issue oriented, economically
motivated, and personality driven. People gradually moving away from their
parties had become more of a trend in today’s view of party loyalty. Ross Perot
gained 20% of the popular vote in the 1992 election, although he did not get
any electoral votes. In 1996 he ran again with United We Stand but got less
than 10% of the popular vote<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Party Dealignment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Party dealignment, or people
gradually moving away from their parties to become independents, has become
more of a trend in today’s view of party loyalty. The shift of traditional
Southern Democrats to the Republican Party came about because many voters
perceived the Republicans as a more conservative party than the Democrats.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-themecolor: accent1;">The Tea Party<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The Tea Party emerged out of
old Republican leaders and successfully defeated many Republican Senators and
Congressmen in primaries. The Tea Party later supported many Republican
gubernatorial and congressional candidates, contributing to the success of the
Republicans in the 2010 midterms. The Tea Party supports lower federal power,
balancing the national budget through spending cuts (“generational theft”),
personal responsibility vs. handouts, and no excessive taxes.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: accent1;">Organization<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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The role of the party caucus
and party primary has grown in importance. The role of the national convention
is to publicize the party’s position. After the disastrous 1968 Democratic
Convention, the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">McGovern-Frasier
Commission</b> brought significant representation changes to the party, making
future conventions more democratic. In 1982 another reform was made to make 15%
of the delegates <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">superdelegates</b>,
made up of party leaders and elected party officials. The Republicans made
reforms to regenerate party identification after the 1992 Republican Convention
was said to be dominated by conservatives<o:p></o:p></div>
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The national committee is the governing
body of the political party. It responds to the direction of the national
chairperson. The presidential candidates nominated at the convention select the
national chairperson.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The future is not bright for
political parties. More and more people are calling themselves independents. More
and more ticket splitting (where people don’t vote by party alignment, but for
individual candidates) has taken place. The impact of the media on the campaign
has weakened has weakened the ability of the party to convey its message to the
people. Special interest groups and PACs have reduced the need for elected
officials to use traditional party resources.<o:p></o:p></div>
Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-25521852039454403102014-12-16T10:48:00.002-08:002014-12-31T11:13:14.195-08:00Does Citizens United Threaten Democracy?<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.laprogressive.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Corporate-vote.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://www.laprogressive.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Corporate-vote.gif" height="261" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hard choices were made.</td></tr>
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<i>Citizens United v. Federal Elections Commission </i>is the notorious case that AP US Government and Politics students face as yet another annoying civil liberties case to memorize. The case also makes American politics slightly more depressing for some people like me. Citizens United was a group that wanted to show a film called <i>Hillary: The Movie</i> in the 2008 primaries (to negatively portray Clinton) but would in the process break the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, which said that corporations or labor unions could not fund ads mentioning a candidate within 30 days before a primary or 60 days before an election. The Supreme Court ruled in a split vote of 5:4 that corporations, labor unions, and associations could fund ads as long as they were not directly coordinated with the candidates. (Oyez.org, 1-5, 2014) As a result of the Citizens United decision, political spending on political candidates greatly increased. This case thus became the center of controversy regarding the regulation of money in politics versus the values of free speech to balance democracy.<br />
Professor Smith in "Citizens United: What You Probably Haven't Heard" seeks out the supporting side of the case by saying that corporations are still people and that they are, in essence, groups of individuals, thus deserving of the same rights. This relates to the claim that money is speech: When money is limited, e.g. to political campaigns, the freedom of speech is limited, meaning democracy is harmed.<br />
Professor Smith in his other video "Are Super PACs good for Democracy?" says that while Super PACs can raise unlimited amounts of money, they do not give money directly to the candidates, thanks in part to the Citizens United decision. PACs, or Political Action Committees, are formed under the regulation of the FEC, or the Federal Elections Commission. The notion that Super PACs are independent workings that don't directly help or oppose political candidates was part of ideological basis for the Supreme Court ruling. Smith also points out that attack ads, which are often listed as negative creations from <i>Citizens United</i>, have been around since the nation's birth, citing Thomas Jefferson's personal attack on John Adams as "hermaphroditic". Another point Smith makes is that incumbents tend to have much more money and connections, meaning that Super PACs are required to help those with less money to balance out elections.<br />
In "Citizens United: Democracy for Sale", the argument is placed against Super PACs. The first point listed is that Super PACs are far from independent: an example is that of Restore our Future, known as Mitt Romney's Super PAC. The PAC is staffed by former Romney aids, and there tons of connections from people who help the PAC to people who help Romney. (Perriolli et. al, 4, 2012) This showcases the fact that a law preventing direct candidate assistance is in general very vague and filled with loopholes for candidates to get friends to help them. The second point listed is that Super PACs are spending more and more, meaning the influence of money could become the key decider of elections. Romney's Super PAC alone spent more than all other outside groups combined in the 2012 election. (Perriolli et. al, 5, 2012) The third point is that the people donating funds have direct financial interests in the outcome of the election results. The "carried tax interest loophole" is used by hedge fund managers to exempt them from a 35% income tax to pay a much lower 15% income tax. (Perriolli et. al, 6, 2012)<br />
In the last source, "Citizens United didn't kill our democracy", the argument is made that despite spending records being broken, the huge influx of money for candidates didn't actually help them much. Rather, it is said that voters still maintained their views, while candidates merely gained the opportunity to make themselves heard. Obama was still reelected, and the House and Senate were relatively unchanged. Casino magnate Adelson spent more than $53 million supporting eight Republican candidates, yet they all lost. (Sherman, 5, 2012) Next, the article says that money doesn't corrupt (woah). One study funded by Pew Charitable Trusts found that six of the best-governed states in the nation were all states that allowed unlimited corporate and union political spending. (Sherman, 7, 2012)<br />
I am dismayed by America's prevalence of attack ads and find that the indirect use of Super PACs by politicians is essentially politicians using a loophole in a vague and contradictory system. I thus go against the Citizens United decision and believe that American political campaigns should be limited in funding as a whole. This is because of the impractical nature of American political participation: Americans tend to vote for those they recognize, or see more on television. Another aspect of American political culture is the fact that media tends to focus more on candidates' personalities more than their actual ideologies. In 2004, The Swift Boat Veterans for Truth made ads that had no factual standing but greatly harmed John Kerry's presidential campaign. American campaigns also run for much longer and with much more money spent than campaigns in any other country. This leads to an excess in spending. Money by itself is thus a key determinant in getting a person to become president. I think that corporations should not be allowed to fund political campaigns at all, lest they have too much influence on politics. Plus, most of the time they only care about their own profits. A democratic America must not let the campaigns take their own course, but go in a fair and meaningful direction.<br />
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Bibliography:<br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">Oyez.org,. 'Citizens United V. Federal Election Commission | The Oyez Project At IIT Chicago-Kent College Of Law'. </span><span style="line-height: 20px;">The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law</span><span style="line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">, 2014. Web. 16 Dec. 2014.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">Perriello, Tom and Rosenbaum, Amy. 'Opinion: Citizens United: Democracy For Sale'. </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">POLITICO</i><span style="line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">. Politico LLC, 29 May, 2012. Web. 16 Dec. 2014.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">Sherman, Paul. 'Column: 'Citizens United' Didn't Kill Our Democracy'. </span><span style="line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">Usatoday.com, </span><span style="line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">USA Today., 11 Nov, 2014. Web. 16 Dec. 2014.</span></span>Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-24310809781089441052014-12-07T12:54:00.002-08:002015-01-05T02:45:38.116-08:00Tea Party vs. Occupy Wall Street<br />
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The Tea Party originated in 2007 under a fundraiser held by Republican Congressman Ron Paul, who caused a libertarian divide in the Republican Party. The Tea Party movement was later catalyzed by a rant made in February 2009 by CNBC news reporter Rick Santelli against a proposed government bailout plan that would help pay for homeowners' mortgages. The rant quickly became viral and the Tea Party movement was born. Afterwards, protests for the Tea Party movement started growing. A study conducted by CBS found that the vast majority (89%) of Tea Party members are white. It also found that Tea Party members are more likely to be older. A plurality comes from Southern states. (Montopoli, 2013, 3-5) They mostly call themselves conservative, and tend to vote Republican (60%). Tea Party members voice severe dissatisfaction with the current Obama administration. Tea Party members see immigration as a serious concern (82 percent), doubt the global impact of global warming (66 percent), and call the bank bailout unnecessary (74%). (Montopoli, 2013, 23) The Tea Party has a core platform that calls for reduced government spending and reduced taxation. Tea Party activists take to unconventional forms of political participation, such as with protests, and also use methods that liberals also use. Tea Party events are organized and publicized via social media websites like Twitter and Facebook. In the 2010 midterms, Tea Party candidates such as Rand Paul and Marco Rubio won positions in the Senate. The Tea Party was thus relatively successful initially, although it has fallen back in the 2012 midterms. ('Midterms 2010', 1, 2010)<br />
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The Occupy Wall Street Movement was initiated by a Canadian anti-consumerist publication called Adbusters. The movement largely consisted of young people, 76% have a bachelor's degree. Non-Hispanic Whites constituted 62% of the Zucotti Park protests, although they only made up 33% of the population. (Connel, 2013, 2) The movement is largely fueled by the growing income disparity between the rich and the poor. OWS's goals include the reduction of the influence of corporations on politics, more balanced distribution of income, and stronger regulations on banks, in addition to bailouts of student loans. The movement was initially largely leaderless but grew and converged into an organized encampment of Zucotti Park. Tactics included the use of "human microphones", where in response to electronic amplification needing a permit in New York, protestors would repeat in unison what a speaker said to amplify it. The protestors later moved on to occupy different locations such as universities and board meetings.<br />
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I feel that overall the Tea Party was more successful politically, and that its ideology was one that was easier to persuade people of, along with the fact that it could start with a Republican base. However, the Tea Party does not have clear-set methods to achieve its agenda along with factual accuracies. I personally like the Occupy Movement more because I believe in its ideology but also because I believe its facts. Tea Party members need to learn political thinking from the Occupy Movement, while the Occupy Movement needs to learn from the Tea Party on how to gain political standing. Where the Tea Party was able to gain seats politically, the Occupy Movement had no leaders, and, thus, no impact on American elections. Unfortunately, the Occupy Movement may never have been able to gain power due to its anarchist nature. At a certain point, the FBI was monitoring Occupy protestors through its Joint Terrorism Task Force. The Occupy Movement may also have needed more effective and cost-free ways that wouldn't have disrupted Zucotti Park so much, as the free food handed out in Zucotta Park not only disrupted nearby restaurants but also was taken away by non-protestors - free riders.<br />
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">'Midterms 2010: Mixed Results For Tea Party Movement - Telegraph'. </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;"><i>Telegraph.co.uk</i></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">, 2010. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">Montopoli, Brian. 'Tea Party Supporters: Who They Are And What They Believe'. </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">CBS News</i><span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;"> 2012. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">Connel, Katherine. 'Study: OWS Was Disproportionately Rich, Overwhelmingly White'. </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">National Review Online, </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.5px; text-indent: -8px;">2013. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.</span></span>Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-78314222557564375552014-10-24T01:12:00.000-07:002014-10-24T01:12:22.213-07:00My New Book - Knowing Your Rights - Released FREE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-15509448893455665502014-10-19T22:07:00.003-07:002014-11-01T22:20:37.773-07:00Synthesis - Civil Liberties<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Civil Liberties:
specific individual rights that are protected from government infringement
under the Constitution. Civil liberties are individual rights, but differ from
civil rights.<o:p></o:p></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/baltimore.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/baltimore.jpg" height="320" width="267" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Map of Barron's Wharf, which Barron said had been<br />
"damaged" by Baltimore when the rivers were modified</td></tr>
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The Bill of
Rights was enacted in 1791 since it was not addressed in the Constitution. The
Bill of Rights originally protected only against infringement by the national
government, and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Barron v. Baltimore</i>
(1833) affirmed that the Bill of Rights did not protect individuals from the state governments.</div>
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The 14<sup>th</sup>
amendment, ratified in 1868, included the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">due
process clause</b>: “no state shall… deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property without due process of law”. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gitlow
v. New York,</i> the Supreme Court invoked the due process clause to protect a
1<sup>st</sup> amendment right, effectively saying that states do <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> have complete authority over freedom
of expression. Other cases would allow the Court to broaden the protection to
include all the 1<sup>st</sup> Amendment rights. Through these cases, the court
engaged in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">selective incorporation</b>,
the process by which certain rights in the Bill of Rights become applicable
through the due process clause to actions by the state governments</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Freedom of Expression</b> is the right to
think and say what you want<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>Free
expression can be denied if it endangers national security, wrongly damages the
reputation of or deprives others of their basic rights<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>The early period: the uncertain status of the right of free
expression. The Sedition Act of 1798 made it a crime to print harshly critical
stories about the president or other national officials; The act was later
nullified. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Schlenk v. United States</b></i>
(1919): <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">clear-and-present-danger test</b>
for determining when the government could legally prohibit freedom of speech<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<a href="https://bu.digication.com/files/M5d2116fcfd3061501995ce0117f2a71e.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://bu.digication.com/files/M5d2116fcfd3061501995ce0117f2a71e.gif" /></a>In the modern period, free expression has become more protected. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Bradenburg v. Ohio</b></i> (1969): limited the
test to prohibit free speech to the likelihood of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">imminent lawless action</b>. The protection of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hate speech </i>does not extend to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hate
crimes</i>. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Texas v Johnson</i> (1988), the
Supreme Court declared that <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">symbolic speech</b> was protected, which, in this case, was the burning of the US flag. In<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -24pt;"> </span><i style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;">Tinker v.
Des Moines </i><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;">(1969), students who wore black armbands to protest the Vietnam
War to school were sent home by the school. The Court declared that the silent protest via armbands was
a form of symbolic speech.</span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;">In</span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dejonge v Oregon</i><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;"> </span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24pt;">(1937), the court incorporated the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause to apply to the freedom of assembly. </span>Before government can lawfully prevent freedom of speech on the basis of
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happening (e.g., assigning police to control the crowd). Government cannot
regulate the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">content</i> of a message.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>New
York Times Co. v. United States</b></i> (1971): Court ruled that the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Times</i>’s publication of the “Pentagon
Papers” could not be blocked by the government. The Supreme Court ruled that it
was unconstitutional to have <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">prior
restraint</b>: government prohibition of speech or publication before it occurs.
An exception is wartime reporting, where the government can censor news reports
that might compromise a military operation or endanger American troops.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
It false information about a person is published (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">libel</b>) or spoken (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">slander</b>),
the injured party can sue for damages. It is very difficult, if not impossible,
for public officials to sue for libel/slander, since people would be afraid
otherwise to criticize those in power. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">New
York Times v. Sullivan</i> (1964), the Court declared that public officials
need to be able to show that there was a knowing or reckless disregard of the
truth.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<b>Obscenity</b> did not have a constitutionally clear definition. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Miller v. California</i> (1973) established
a three-part test:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;">Patently offensive</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;">Precisely described in law as obscene</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;">Taken as a whole, of prurient interest and has
no social value</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
A 2003 federal statute banned child pornography because it encouraged
using children in the making of pornography, which is a crime. The Child Online
Protection Act (1998) also restricted the transmission of obscene material that
would be accessible to children.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGRrmx8PqMZdxDF9SqUXY6BzZvhXyTWFI_9o9GzFGGkl-guzRiiz95GoEmVclV3NPesOp6DYE_1H82A1_GyMEm_xPFA31CLuwHaFgw01igbq5OWVqv8CYjVHVawskyX4w9TQlLuv6iFDcJ/s1600/thumbs_intelligent_design_church_state_science_and_a_large_high_wall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGRrmx8PqMZdxDF9SqUXY6BzZvhXyTWFI_9o9GzFGGkl-guzRiiz95GoEmVclV3NPesOp6DYE_1H82A1_GyMEm_xPFA31CLuwHaFgw01igbq5OWVqv8CYjVHVawskyX4w9TQlLuv6iFDcJ/s1600/thumbs_intelligent_design_church_state_science_and_a_large_high_wall.jpg" height="320" width="241" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The Freedom of Religion is another civil liberty. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The establishment clause</b> stated that Congress may not favor one
religion over another or support religion over no religion. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Engel v. Vitale</i> (1962): establishment
clause prohibits the recital of prayers in public schools. This became part of
the <b>wall of separation doctrine</b>: strict separation of church and state. The
<b>accommodation doctrine</b> was a more relaxed interpretation: state can aid
religious activity if passes <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Lemon test</b>
from <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lemon v. Kurtzman</i> (1971):<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
</div>
<ol>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;">Statute must have a secular legislative purpose,</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;">Must neither advance nor inhibit religion,</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -24pt;">And must not show an “excessive government
entanglement”</span></li>
</ol>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The free exercise clause</b>
states that Americans can hold any religious belief. Exception: the prohibition
of polygamy by Mormons.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The Right to Bear Arms is very important to the individualistic nature of
Americans. The Second Amendment prevents the national government from allowing
militia to join together. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">District of
Columbia v. Heller</i> (2008), the Court ruled that the 2<sup>nd</sup>
Amendment gives citizens the right to possess a firearm unconnected with
service in a militia, and to use that firearm for traditional lawful purposes
(self-defense). DC was a federal territory, so <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">McDonald v. Chicago</i> (2010) extended the ruling to states.</div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/AR15_A3_Tactical_Carbine_pic1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/AR15_A3_Tactical_Carbine_pic1.jpg" height="156" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The AR-15 assault rifle is perfectly legal to carry around in most states. 'merica</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Right of Privacy</b> is a
right that was not explicitly stated by the Constitution, but is a right that
is implied, according to the Court.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>This
is in accordance with the Ninth Amendment, which says that rights are not
limited to those in the Constitution.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Griswold v. Connecticut</i> (1965)
challenged a state law prohibiting the use of condoms and other birth control
devices, establishing “the right of privacy”<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Roe v. Wade</i> (1973) also
invoked the right of privacy, giving women full freedom to choose abortion
during the first three months of pregnancy.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Bowers v. Hardwick</i> (1986): Supreme Court ruled against same-sex consensual
relations. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lawrence v. Texas</i> (2003):
Supreme Court ruled that Texas’s sodomy law violated “the right of privacy”
implied by a grant of liberty in the 14<sup>th</sup>. In addition to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mapp v. Ohio</i>, in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nix v. Williams</i> (1984), the Court allowed “inevitable discovery” of
tainted evidence, and in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">United States v.
Leon</i> (1984), the Court created the “good faith” doctrine, where police may
submit evidence that they thought they legally required.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Rights of persons accused of crime: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Procedural due process</b>: the procedure
authorities must follow before a person may be lawfully punished for his/her
crimes. The first phase of arrest is the Suspicion Phase, which is protected from unreasonable search
and seizure. The Fourth Amendment reads: “The right of the people to be secure
in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon
probably cause, supported by Oath of Affirmation, and particularly describing the
place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” A person caught in the act of a crime can be arrested on the spot
and searched. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Whren v. United States</i>
(1996): Officers had a hunch that suspect was a drug dealer and stopped him for
a minor traffic infraction. The SC ruled that the motive was irrelevant as long
as there was an independent justification to stop. This also established the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">plain view doctrine</i>: Evidence in plain
view is admissible even if not related to the reason for seizure. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Indianapolis v. Edmund</i> (2001): Police
may not search vehicles via roadblock to enforce anti-narcotics law. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Board of Education of Independent School
District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. </i>Earls (2002): SC is more lax in
allowing students to be tested in public schools.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://47mb5740sj2k1xsfst40mqbb16bh.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/miranda.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://47mb5740sj2k1xsfst40mqbb16bh.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/miranda.jpg" height="305" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The next is the Arrest Phase, where you get protection against self-incrimination. The
Fifth Amendment says that an individual is protected against having to testify
against himself. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Miranda v. Arizona</i>
(1966): Police cannot legally begin their interrogation until the suspect has
been informed of the rights they hold for themselves, or “<b>Miranda warning</b>”, which begins with "You have the right to remain silent...".</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The next phase is the Trial Phase: The Right to a Fair Trial. People will
need a Legal Counsel and Impartial Jury. The Fifth Amendment says that suspects
charged with a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">federal</i> crime cannot
be tried unless indicted by a grand jury; this has not been incorporated, but
is still done by half of the states. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Johnson
v. Zerhst</i> (1938) established that Criminal defendants must be provided a lawyer at government
expense if they cannot afford legal counsel. In <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gideon v. Wainright</i> </b>(1963), the Court extended the requirement to include state felony cases. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Witherspoon v. Illinois</i> (1969), the Court
invalidated Illinois’ policy of allowing an unlimited number of challenges in
capital cases, as it was used to get rid of any on the jury who felt qualms
about death sentences.<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;">
Selective incorporation of fair trial rights was slower than that of free expression rights, but increased in the 1960s. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Powell v. Alabama</i> (1932) established that states had to provide legal counsel to defendants who were too poor to hire one. In <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Mapp v. Ohio</i> ( 1961), because she defeated Apple “The rights of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated” and the ruling that information obtained through an unconstitutional search can not be used in trial. The Supreme Court also ruled in the 60’s that defendants:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;">
</div>
<ol style="line-height: normal; text-indent: 0px;">
<li><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -24pt;">must be provided a lawyer in felony cases if they cannot afford to hire one,</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -24pt;">have the right to remain silent and have legal counsel at the time of arrest,</span><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -24pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -24pt;">have the right to a jury trial in crime proceedings,</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 24px; text-indent: -24pt;">and cannot be subjected to <b>double jeopardy</b>; tried a second time for the same thing</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">exclusionary rule</b> bars the
use of evidence that was obtained in violation of the defendant’s rights.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The last phase is the Sentencing Phase: The Eighth Amendment prohibits
“cruel and unusual punishment” of those convicted of crime. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Atkins v. Virgina</i> (2002) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Panetti v. Quarterman</i> (2007): death
penalty for the mentally retarded is “cruel and unusual punishment. An appeal
is not guaranteed in the Constitution after conviction, but the federal
government and the states permit at least one appeal. Prisoners can appeal
their conviction to a federal court. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Racial
profiling</i> is a common police practice that results in the unequal treatment
of minorities. The US is “tough on crime”: America has the highest
incarceration rates in the world. The US drug policy differs from those of
other Western nations, who rely on treatment programs instead of incarceration
for nonviolent drug offenders.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
In time of war, the courts have upheld government policies that would not
be permitted in peacetime. The Bush administration sent “enemy combatants” –
individuals who could be engaged in hostile military actions against US
military forces – to detention camps like Guantanamo Bay. The SC issued rulings
that rebuked some of these policies. After 911, Congress passed the USA Patriot
Act, which lowered the standard for judicial approval of wiretapping when
terrorist activity was at issue. In 2005, the New York Times revealed that the
NSA had been authorized to wiretap international phone calls and e-mail
messages originating in the US, which had been earlier prohibited.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Average Americans have shown themselves to be less supportive of individual rights. Judges
tend to favor individual rights more, similar to what the framers’ had in mind.<o:p></o:p></div>
Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-29445037563787141382014-10-09T01:50:00.002-07:002014-11-01T22:21:40.970-07:00Is free speech in America too free?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRlu0SWxqeYB31uxap_9XZV8R4v6y1IZpBfSoyCOTl053bXIt7g55s6278LdpDXuf9-lks2h7W5vty5ppqRUbUys2xFt7tWqntZoT-TQQm55QveT7pBN_hLbSkrLFwcI4z0NEuzWpsMusF/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-11-02+at+10.57.51+AM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRlu0SWxqeYB31uxap_9XZV8R4v6y1IZpBfSoyCOTl053bXIt7g55s6278LdpDXuf9-lks2h7W5vty5ppqRUbUys2xFt7tWqntZoT-TQQm55QveT7pBN_hLbSkrLFwcI4z0NEuzWpsMusF/s1600/Screen+Shot+2014-11-02+at+10.57.51+AM.png" height="72" width="400" /></a></div>
In the documentary "Significant Minority", the Westboro Baptist Church is shown as an example of free speech being taken to a most extreme and controversial extent. Founded in 1955, the Westboro Baptist Church preaches vulgarly hate-filled messages that criticize gays, America, and Catholic priests. The WBC interprets the Bible in their own special way; for instance, the WBC insists that 911 was an act of God against America for allowing gay soldiers to be enlisted. The group spreads their messages by holding signs in public such as "GOD HATES FAGS", and is enthusiastic to give their children these signs to hold. The WBC is also strongly against the Catholic Church, voicing concern and anger over a child rape scandal involving Catholic priests, along with the fact that the Pope had tried hide the scandal. The WBC is also known for picketing at people's funerals; After picketing at a gay soldier's funeral, the WBC protestors got successfully sued by the soldier's family members for compensatory damages and punitive damages for invasion of privacy and emotional distress (Belzman, 2007, 3). Despite their "controversial" protests, the (currently 39) members of the Church perform acts of protest that are allowed and within the bounds of their civil liberties in the Constitution. ("About Westboro Baptist Church", 2014, 1)<br />
<a href="http://media4.s-nbcnews.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photo_StoryLevel/071031/071031_soldierProtests_hmed_4p.grid-6x2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://media4.s-nbcnews.com/j/msnbc/Components/Photo_StoryLevel/071031/071031_soldierProtests_hmed_4p.grid-6x2.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></a><br />
Judging by the actions of the WBC, I think that free speech is not worth the intrinsic value of freedom over the antisocial effects it can produce. The Westboro Baptist Church definitely has opinions and beliefs that I would establish as crazy. Apart from their negative perception of the Pope, their views are a general negative influence on society. In particular, the church members are allowed to teach their children their terrible beliefs and give them profane signs to hold up. These children could easily grow up to become hate-filled and violent, after being taught at a young age to hate homosexuals. While allowing controversial statements to be freely expressed supposedly can keep people's brains <i>active</i>, the Westboro Baptist Church is more of a headache than a constructive think tank. (It's actually ironic that the WBC condemns the very country that allows them their freedom to express their views.) I think that it is okay to protest and hold up signs, but that it is <u>not okay</u> to teach your children to hold up hateful anti-gay signs. Therefore, the views of the WBC should determine whether or not they are allowed freedom of offensive speech. I think that America should do the converse of what Russia is doing with gay expression: make it illegal to teach kids to <i>hate</i> gays. While that is unlikely to happen, I believe that over time, the people who believe in the WBC's beliefs (mostly family) will eventually fade away out of society as homosexuals become more and more a normal part of society.<br />
<br />
Documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ygBjvKKQqM<br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -35px;">Belzman, Josh. "Father Wins Millions from War Funeral Pickets."</span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -35px;">Msnbc.com</i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -35px;">. Msnb, 31 Oct. 2007. Web. 09 Oct. 2014.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -35px;">" About Westboro Baptist Church." </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -35px;">About Westboro Baptist Church</i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -35px;">. Westboro Baptist Church, n.d. Web. 08 Oct. 2014.</span></span>Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-40714563867978385182014-10-06T22:57:00.001-07:002014-10-09T22:02:04.565-07:00Snowden: Hero or Traitor?<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Edward
Snowden is an international subject of much controversy. Snowden worked as an
NSA contractor for Dell and later on, Booz Allen. Snowden traveled to Hong Kong
and gave information he acquired about the NSA’s domestic and international
surveillance programs to two reporters to leak. Edward Snowden later traveled
to Russia, where he did not have a visa. The United States had charged Snowden
of theft and espionage, and also canceled his passport, leaving Snowden in
airport limbo for 39 days before Russia granted him asylum (Cole, 2014, 21).
Snowden revealed that the NSA had a massive metadata collection program of
email and phone records from Verizon customers (Cole, 2014, 16). The leaks also
reveal that the NSA in a program called PRISM and can gather information such
as search history and emails from companies including Facebook and Google (Cole,
2014, 17). Snowden also revealed that the US as part of an intelligence
alliance called the Five Eyes has been spying on the other countries in the
alliance and sharing information (King, 2014, 1). The issues that Snowden have brought to
question revolve around mass surveillance, government secrecy, and the balance
between national security and personal privacy. The Supreme Court ruled in a
unanimous decision on June 25, 2014 that phone searches of criminal suspects
require a warrant. This ruling goes with the Fourth Amendment of the
Constitution, which offers protection against “unreasonable search and
seizure”. (Mears, 2014, 23)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--></o:p></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightShadingAccent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.9pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 5;">
<b><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Revelation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 263.0pt;" valign="top" width="263"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Details<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-top: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 1;">
<b><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Source<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.9pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<b><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Secret court orders<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 263.0pt;" valign="top" width="263"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Secret court orders allow the NSA
to access customer phone records from all the telephone companies <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(Bicchierrai, 2014, 4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.9pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<b><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">PRISM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 263.0pt;" valign="top" width="263"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">The NSA does not have direct access to companies’ user
information, but it can force them to comply and hand over information<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(Bicchierrai, 2014, 9)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.9pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<b><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">NSA spies on foreign countries or
foreign leaders<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 263.0pt;" valign="top" width="263"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">NSA has spied on German chancellor
Angela Merkel and Argentinian President Dilma Roussef<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(Bicchierrai, 2014, 15)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.9pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<b><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">XKeyScore<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 263.0pt;" valign="top" width="263"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">XKeyScore is a program that the NSA uses to spy on
“nearly everything a user does on the Internet”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(Bicchierrai, 2014, 16)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.9pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 68;">
<b><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">NSA efforts to crack encryption<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 263.0pt;" valign="top" width="263"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">NSA has developed a series of
techniques and tricks to circumvent Internet security, undermining Internet
security as a whole<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(Bicchierrai, 2014, 17)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.9pt;" valign="top" width="118"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 4;">
<b><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">NSA hacking team techniques
revealed<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 263.0pt;" valign="top" width="263"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">The NSA has an elite hacker team codenamed “Tailored
Access Operations’ (TAO). The team infects computers when all other
operations fail.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(Bicchierrai, 2014, 21</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">)</span><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<b><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">NSA can hack into Google and Yahoo
data centers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Self-explanatory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">Tech companies are enraged.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(Bicchierrai, 2014, 24</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">)</span><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<b><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">NSA collects phone information<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 263.0pt;" valign="top" width="263"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">NSA “collects it all”, intercepting 200 million text
messages every day in a program called Dishfire<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(Bicchierrai, 2014, 27</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">)</span><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">NSA intercepts phone calls<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 263.0pt;" valign="top" width="263"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">NSA intercepts all the phone calls
in Afghanistan and the Bahamas, along with all the phone metadata in Mexico,
Kenya, and the Philippines<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #4F81BD 1.0pt; border: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 80.9pt;" valign="top" width="81"><div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-yfti-cnfc: 64;">
<span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;">(Bicchierrai, 2014, 30</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-themeshade: 191;">)</span><span style="color: #365f91; mso-themecolor: accent1; mso-themeshade: 191;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 21px; text-indent: -49px;">Bicchierrai, Lorenzo F. "Edward Snowden: The 10 Most Important Revelations From His Leaks." </span><i style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 21px; text-indent: -49px;">Mashable</i><span style="line-height: 21px; text-indent: -49px;">. Mashable, 5 June 2014. Web. 06 Oct. 2014. <http://mashable.com/2014/06/05/edward-snowden-revelations/>.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Cole, Mathew. "Edward Snowden: A Timeline - NBC News." NBC News.
NBC, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/edward-snowden-interview/edward-snowden-timeline-n114871>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mears, Bill. "Supreme Court: Police Need Warrant to
Search Cell Phones." CNN. Cable News Network, 25 June 2014. Web. 07 Oct.
2014.
<http://edition.cnn.com/2014/06/25/justice/supreme-court-cell-phones/>.<br />
<br /></div>
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King, Eric. "Snowden Spyware Revelations: We Need to
Unmask the Five-eyed Monster." The Guardian. The Guardian, 26 Nov. 2013.
Web. 7 Oct. 2014.
<http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Fnov%2F26%2Fsnowden-spyware-five-eyed-monster-50000-networks-five-eyes-privacy>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<u><span style="background-color: lime; font-size: x-large;">Hero:</span><o:p></o:p></u></div>
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Raphael, Daniel. "Why Edward Snowden Is a Hero."
The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 07 Nov. 2013. Web. 06 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-raphael/why-edward-snowden-is-a-h_b_4227605.ht<span style="background-color: white;">ml>.<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;">"GAP Statement on Edward Snowden and NSA
Domestic Surveillance."<i>GAP</i>. Government </span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;"><span style="background-color: white;">Accountability Project, 3
Jan. 2014. Web. 07 Oct. 2014.
<http://whistleblower.org/press/gap-statement-edward-snowden-and-nsa-domestic-surveillance>.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: black;">Cassidy, John. "Why
Edward Snowden Is a Hero - The New Yorker." <i>The New Yorker</i>.
The New Yorker, 10 June 2013. Web. 06 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/why-edward-snowden-is-a-hero>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><br />l<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden didn’t jeopardize national security: <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;">“Snowden
spent months meticulously studying every document."</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;">Snowden planned the information carefully to
not actually release information that would reveal too much</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The l<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;">eak mainly says that the government seized
phone logs without warrants and that the NSA tracks user data from large sites</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #333333;">The program is illegal and serves no purpose
other than benefit military contractors since NSA is run by the military</span>.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
program violates the First Amendment, which gives people free speech.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #333333; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Snowden uncovered questionable activities that the
government had hidden from the public</span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden revealed information that is reasonably
illegal and abusive.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->US District Judge Richard Leon says the bulk
telephony metadata program is “likely unconstitutional”.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The NSA has the capacity to access vast amounts
of user data from Internet companies such as Facebook, Google, Yahoo,
Microsoft, and Skype… around the world.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden’s actions have rippled (positively) across
the world: Government and corporate reforms, Congress bills, lawsuits, etc.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Pervasive surveillance does not meet the
standard for classified information.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Documents cannot be classified to cover illegal
or embarrassing government conduct.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->It can only be so if the country’s population
includes most of its enemies<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->There is a clear history of reprisal against NSA
whistleblowers.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden is criticized for not using the internal
channels that have repeatedly failed to address the issues.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Previous NSA whistleblowers Tom Drake, William
Binney, and J. Kirk Wiebe have been subject to government reprisal including
armed FBI raids and had their careers ended<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Whistleblowing is becoming a criminal act.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The government targets those who reveal gross
waste, illegality, or fraud instead of those who actually perform misdemeanors.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Not one person of the NSA has been charged for
spying on the people, nor has any government official been penalized for lying
to the public or the Congress. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Based on Snowden’s revelations, two NSA
officials have lied in open court about the NSA’s capabilities<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->In a surveillance state, the enemy is the whistleblower.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Secrecy, retaliation, and intimidation undermine
constitutional rights and weaken democratic processes more so than the acts of terror
that they purport to protect the citizens from. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><span style="background-color: red; font-size: x-large;">Traitor:</span><span style="font-size: 20pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Carafano, James. "Defining Edward Snowden." Daily
Signal. The Heritage Foundation, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2014.
<http://dailysignal.com/2014/01/17/defining-edward-snowden/>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Toobin, Jeffrey. "Edward Snowden Is No Hero - The New
Yorker." The New Yorker. The New Yorker, 10 June 2013. Web. 07 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/edward-snowden-is-no-hero>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kirchick, James. "Edward Snowden, traitor." NY
Daily News. NY Daily News, 1 June 2014. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <http://nydailynews.com/opinion/edward-snowden-traitor-article-1.1811878>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><br />l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden says complete transparency means
freedom, which is naïve<br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Free societies recognize that the government can
keep legitimate secrets<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Democracies operate under the concept of
“ordered liberty”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden is neither “freedom fighter or
whistleblower”<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->His leaks mostly reveal no wrongdoing<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden’s actions are irresponsible<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden did not have to leak because there were
whistleblower protection laws<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden betrayed the trust he was given to
safeguard the nation’s secrets<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden’s decision is questionable <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The NSA obviously was supposed to intercept
electronic communications<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 48.0pt; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden leaked the very court decision that
authorized the programs<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden was exposing things that didn’t meet his
<u>own standards of propriety</u><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden was dumping information<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Post</i>
decided to only publish four of the forty-one slides that Snowden provided,
which shows that it exercised more judgment than Snowden did<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden ran to Hong Kong, which really belongs
to China<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->China as an intelligence adversary of the US and
may very well take in Snowden’s information on the US spy networks<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden is in Russia, where he likely could have
given Russia national secrets<o:p></o:p></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Snowden could disclose the NSA’s domestic
surveillance, but <u>exposing America’s foreign intelligence operations</u> makes
him become a traitor, not a whistleblower<o:p></o:p></div>
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<u><span style="font-size: x-large;">Personal Opinion</span></u><o:p></o:p></div>
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I think that Snowden is more of a
hero than a traitor. Snowden revealed that the government had partaken in activities of examining phone logs without getting warrants
beforehand. In addition, the court order which had authorized the operation had been kept secret. A law is barely a law if people don't know about it. In this case, the court order was kept secret to hide the fact that the government was spying on people's phones everyday and avoid public criticism. Thus, I believe that this knowledge should have been made public.<br />
Regarding the international espionage, I think the US is
untrustworthy for spying on its allies, in cases such as targeting Angela Merkel and Dilma Roussef. I think its
use of information from companies like Facebook and Microsoft is abusive, as the companies are forced to hand over information at the government's request. The NSA hacking programs are bad for internet security as a whole and infringe upon protecting liberty. I
think however that it is up to the government to do what it thinks is necessary in
terms of spying. Snowden may actually have revealed too much information regarding the NSA's hacking techniques, such as the TAO.<br />
I think Snowden was right to run away from the United States, since
he would not have much of a life to live in the US after the leak, though it
was likely a bad idea to go to Russia. Snowden likely would not willingly give
information to the Russians. Russia likewise would want to treat Snowden
hospitably to try and look like the bigger man on the issue of espionage.<br />
Snowden’s
actions reveal that the US is corrupt at the core. When other whistleblowers
brought up issues internally, the government retaliated viciously, raiding
their houses and ruining their careers. That was the case with Tom Drake, William Binney, and J. Kirk Wiebe. In a free society, the government
should do more to protect whistleblowers instead of criminalizing them for
revealing secrets.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-6770136383119448302014-10-06T21:57:00.001-07:002014-10-08T18:25:07.417-07:00Synthesis – P Ch. 2, B Ch. 2+3<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Limited government </b>is a
government that is subject to strict legal limits on the uses of power, so that
it would not threaten people’s liberty. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Self-government</b>
is a government one in which the people would be the ultimate source of
governing authority and would have a voice in their governing. Although limited
government and self government can be reinforcing, they also often clash, for
self-government requires that the majority (through elected reps) have the
power to rule, while limited government calls for majority rule to stop at one
point.</div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://caterwauler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/TheSocialContract.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://caterwauler.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/TheSocialContract.jpg" height="206" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The Declaration of Independence is an important precursor to the
Constitution. Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu all had influence on the DoI. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Locke’s Second Treatise of Civil Government</b>
included the ideas of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">natural rights</b>:
life, liberty, and property; <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the consent
of the governed (social contract)</b>; and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">the
concept of limited government</b>. The major parts of the DoI are: <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Philosophical Basis, which establishes that
citizens have unalienable rights and that limited governments are formed with
“the consent of the governed”,<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Grievances, which makes the case against
Great Britain: tax w/o rep, unjust trials, quartering of British soldiers, abolition
of colonial assemblies, quartering of British soldiers,<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The Statement of Separation, which says that not
only did the colonists have no choice but to revolt, but that it is not only
the right, but the duty of the Colonists to change the govt.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
As a result of the DoI, The Articles of the Confederation could not have
a government with a king. Even though the DoI said that “all men were created
equal”, the social structure did not reflect equality – unalienable rights were
reserved for male white colonists, and property was a requirement for political
office.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The Articles of Confederation established the first form of national
government in the newly independent United States. The Articles set up a weak
national government with a one-house congress with limited power to declare
war, make peace, and sign treaties, the ability to borrow money, no ability to
tax individual states, no authority on interstate trade, no power to draft
soldiers, and no chief executive or national court system. The national government
had to ask the states for money, with which the states rarely complied. Passing
legislation required a two-thirds state majority, which was virtually
impossible as few states ever showed up to meetings. States were dominant and could
create impose tariffs on each other, create their own currency, refuse to amend
the AoC (amendment needed unanimous approval), and refuse to recognize national
treaties.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The AoC turned out to be very ineffective, as there was virtually no
foreign policy: national security was endangered. States, free to do what they
wanted, established certain tariffs to compete economically against other
states. A single notable accomplishment was the Northwest Ordinance, which abolished
slavery in the newly acquired Northwest Territories. Daniel Shay led a revolt
concerning promises that had been promised to veterans. Congress had run out of
money to pay the veterans for their military service. Shay’s Rebellion
frightened wealthy interests, who called for an end to the revolt. Congress had
no army to send immediately. This was proof that Congress was weak and that
civil unrest was spreading.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Hamilton and Madison eventually persuaded the other delegates towards
meeting for the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1789. Among the
arguments for a new Constitution were Federalist No. 10, which said that <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><b>factions</b></span> could paralyze minority
representation in a democracy, and Federalist No. 47, which talked about the
benefits of <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><b>Checks and
balances</b></span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Many issues were debated regarding the Constitution. Compromises reached
at the Constitutional Convention: voting, representation, slavery, and trade.
The founding fathers were concerned with protecting the wealth of the property
class. The criteria for voting were decided by the states to be ownership of property.
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Virgina Plan</b> (also called the
large-state plan) included separate judicial and executive branches as well as
a two-chamber Congress that would have supreme authority in all areas “in which
the separate states are incompetent”, particularly defense and interstate
trade. Heavily populated states would have more representatives that would the
lightly populated ones. On the other hand, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The
New Jersey Plan</b> (the small-state plan) called for a stronger national
government where each states, large or small, would have a single vote. The
debate over the two plans dragged on for weeks before the delegates reached
what is now known as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Great
Compromise</b>. It provided for a bicameral (two-chamber) Congress. The House
of Representatives gave seats to states on the basis that states with larger
populations would have more House members, and each state would have at least
one representative. The Senate would be apportioned on the basis of an equal
number of senators (two) for each state. Continuing on the issue of
representation, if slaves were represented, the South could easily hold the
power in the House of Representatives. The North disliked this as it had less
slaves, so the states agreed on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The
Three-Fifths Compromise</b>: every five slaves would count as three people for
representation and tax purposes. The states also agreed on a tariff compromise:
the North wanted to tax southern exports to Europe and protect their own
manufactured goods. The South did not want to tax European goods to prevent own
exports from being taxed. They agreed to only tax imports. The delegates also addressed
the weakness of the AoC in economic issues. Congress could tax, regulate
interstate and foreign commerce, create a viable national currency, and in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elastic clause</b>, make “all laws
necessary and proper” to carry out the stated powers of Congress. States were prohibited
from duplicating national powers that could affect the national economy.</div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/EsudHmV-B_Y/maxresdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/EsudHmV-B_Y/maxresdefault.jpg" height="180" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Congress stated that any change to the AoC had to be agreed upon by all
thirteen states. However, this was close to impossible. The delegates decided
to ignore Congress and set up their own process of ratification. The document
was to be submitted to the states, where it would become law if at least nine
states approved the Constitution.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 24pt;">
There was a heated ratification debate. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Anti-Federalists</b> raised many arguments against the
Constitution:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">l<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->They were concerned with the absence of a bill
of rights<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->They saw a central government controlled by
political elites, becoming a repressive government<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The presidency might become an American monarchy
(it was slightly comforting that the Electoral College would elect the
President)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The motives of the men who wrote the
constitution came into question. They were men of wealth and education who had
acted in response to the debtor’s riots.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left; text-indent: -24pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Supported a revision of the AoC to address
interstate economic cooperation and national defensive ability<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Federalists </b>(supporters of
the Consitution) raised the following arguments: the government of the Constitution
would correct the flaws of the AoC, the government would be strong enough to
forge a secure and prosperous nation, and that the restrictions on the
government’s power would prevent it from endangering neither states nor
personal liberty.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The ratification debate may or may not have changed many people’s minds,
but people assumed that George Washington, the nations’ most popular and
trusted leader, would become the first president. This assumption tipped the
balance in favor of ratification.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The Constitution provided the world with a new model of government in
which a piece of paper would represent a higher authority than the dictates of
any political leader or institution. The major goals of the Framers were:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To establish a government strong enough to meet
the nation’s needs, where the federal government would have enough power to
control areas such as defense and commerce<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To establish a government that would not
threaten the existence of the separate states<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To establish a government that would not threaten
liberty <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span>
checks and balances<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->To establish a government based on popular
consent <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span>
direct and indirect election of public officials<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The Federalists believed that the new Constitution would protect the
minorities from a “tyranny of the majority”. Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and
James Madison, who all signed by the pseudonym Publius, wrote the Federalist
Papers. The papers said that a government of checks and balances and separation
of powers was necessary. It provided constitutional safeguards for individuals.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The Anti-Federalists were led by newly emerging middle class. They
released publications such as the Pennsylvania Pocket and Letters from the
Federal Farmer. They penned essays as written by <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brutus.</i> The Anti-Feds feared that Constitution would establish an
economic elite. The Anti-Federalists also insisted on a bill of rights.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The Preamble
defines the objectives of the Constitution: to form a more perfect union, to
establish justice, to ensure domestic tranquility, to provide for the common
defense, to promote the general welfare, and to secure the blessings of
liberty.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Article I
broadly defines the legislative powers of Congress, which are split between the
two houses. In 1995 the Supreme Court ruled in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Thorton v Arkansas</i> that state-imposed term limits were
unconstitutional; they needed to pass through an amendment.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The nature of
the chief executive is defined under Article II. A power given to the executive
is the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">inherent power</b> of the
president (emergency powers). By signing congressional legislation into law,
the president assumes the responsibility of enforcing the laws of the land. Reference
is made to the president’s authority in the area of foreign policy.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Article III
outlines the nature of he judicial branch. Judicial review was not a
specifically given power; rather, it was established in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Marbury v Madison</i> (1803). Article III also defines treason, along
with the punishments that can be given: The Rosenbergs were executed for giving
away information regarding the atom bomb to the Soviets.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Liberty</b> is the principle that
individuals should be free to act and think as they choose, provided they do
not infringe unreasonably on the freedom and well being of others. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
These are the Constitutional Provisions for Limited Government:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -24.0pt; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Grants of power<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -24.0pt; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>ii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Separated institutions<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -24.0pt; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Federalism (division of political authority
between the national government and the states)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -24.0pt; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>iv.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Denials of power<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -24.0pt; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>v.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Bill of Rights<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -24.0pt; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>vi.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Judicial review<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -24.0pt; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>vii.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Elections<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The framers chose to limit the national government in part by confining
its scope to constitutional <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">grants of
power</b>. Powers not granted by Congress are in theory denied. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Denials of power</b>: The US constitution
expressly prohibits imprisonment of a subject without trial. In addition, the
Constitution is very hard to amend: 2/3rds Congress majority and 3/4ths state
legislature majority.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Using Power to Offset Power: Decades before the Constitution, the French
theorist Montesquieu came up with a concept of a <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">separation of powers</b>: divide the power of government into separate
branches.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
Shared
Legislative Powers: The president can veto acts of Congress, recommend
legislation, and call special sessions of congress. The President also executes
and interprets the laws that Congress makes. The president can get around
Senate opposition to an appointment during a congressional recess. The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">recess appointment</b> lasts for a year and
then needs Senate approval.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The Supreme Court has the power to interpret acts of congress that are
disputed in legal cases.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Shared Executive Powers: The president’
power to make treaties and appoint high-ranking officials is subject to Senate
approval. Congress also has the power to impeach and remove the president from
office. Congress’s greatest check on executive action are its lawmaking and
appropriations powers <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span> the executive branch cannot act without the laws
that authorize its activities or without the money that pays for these
activities. The judiciary has the power to declare an action unlawful because
the laws that the executive claims to be implementing do not authorize it.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Shared Judicial Powers: Congress can establish the size of the federal
court system, restrict the Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction in some
circumstances, and to impeach and remove federal judges from office. Congress
can also rewrite legislation that the courts have misinterpreted and can
initiate amendments when it disagrees with the court rulings on constitutional
issues. The president has the power to appoint federal judges with the consent
of the Senate and to pardon persons convicted in the courts. The president is
also responsible for executing court decisions, a function that provides
opportunities to influence the way rulings are carried out.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The Bill of Rights: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Bill of
Rights</b> are the first ten amendments of the Constitution, which cover rights
such as freedom of speech and religion and due process protections for persons
accused of crimes. These rights are civil liberties.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
To the framers, the great risk of popular government was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">tyranny of the majority</b>. There was a
question of democracy versus republic. By the term<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> democracy</b>, the framers meant a government in which the power of
the majority is unlimited, whether exercised directly or through a
representative body. Thus, the framers thus designed a<b style="background-color: white;"> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;">republic</span></b>, which is responsive to the
majority but not captive to it. Edumund Burke argued that representatives
should act as the public’s <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial;"><b>trustees</b></span>;
representatives are obliged to serve the interest of those who elect them, but
the nature of the interest is for the representatives, not the voters, to
decide.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
A state legislature would choose its state’s US Senators. (term: 6 years,
one-third of the senators have their terms expire every 2 years) As a result of
the less frequent and indirect election of its members, the Senate would be
less responsive to popular pressure. A US Representative is chosen by popular
election (term: 2 years) A Federal Judge is nominated by the President and approved
by Senate (term: indefinite, subject to “good behavior”)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Over history there have been changes to make government more responsive
to popular majorities. Political parties are used as a means of uniting
authorities and linking them with popular majorities. There is now direct
election of US senators and popular voting for president (linked with electoral
votes). <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Primary election</b>s are the
direct selection of party nominees.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Thomas Jefferson was among the prominent Americans who questioned the
Constitution’s limited provisions for self-government. Under John Adams, the
national government increasingly favored the nation’s wealthy interests.
Jefferson challenged Adams in the next presidential election, and, upon
defeating him, hailed his victory as “The Revolution of 1800”.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div style="text-align: right;">
<a href="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQlAUcRKObM_zRveyTAItiGocXX2i9Tr2OhakSfe3jCfzUPQKIcH4HBQVA8" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQlAUcRKObM_zRveyTAItiGocXX2i9Tr2OhakSfe3jCfzUPQKIcH4HBQVA8" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
Jackson was the first president after Jefferson who was willing and able
to involve the public more fully in government. To connect the presidency
closer to the people, Jackson urged states to award their electoral votes to
the candidate who wins the states’ popular vote. Afterwards, it became common
in the states to link popular votes with electoral votes. Presidents as a
result likely won the electoral election if they won the popular vote, with a
few exceptions.</div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 24.0pt;">
The Progressive Era of the early 1900s brought another wave of democratic
reforms. The Progressives instigated two changes in federal elections: The
primary election and direct election of US senators. Charles S. Beard, a
Progressive, attacked the Constitution as anti-democratic.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
The House of Representatives
has 435 members based on a consensus taken every 10 years. Baker v Carr: “one man, one
vote” created guidelines for drawing up congressional districts. The Supreme
Court has been asked to review some districts to ensure racial representation.
The Court ruled controversially in 1995 that a racially apportioned district in
Georgia was unconstitutional based on the equal protection clause of the 14<sup>th</sup>
Amendment. Some state legislatures created districts that favored the political
party in power: <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">gerrymandering</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
A representative
has to be at least 25 years old, an American citizen for seven years, and an
inhabitant of the state that the congressman represents. A senator has to be at
least 30 years old, an American citizen for nine years, and a resident of the
state of representation. Many states passed laws limiting the number of
consecutive terms a representative can serve, but in 1995 the Court found it
unconstitutional. The powers of the House link it closer to the people: powers
include the ability to start all revenue bills (taxation) and initiating
impeachment. Nixon resigned before the Senate could try him, whereas Clinton
was acquitted. The Senate can pass revenue bills, but after the House has
passed its version. The Senate approves presidential appointments and treaties.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
Congress has the
following <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">enumerated powers</b>:</div>
<o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Collect taxes, pay debts, and provide for the
common defense and general welfare<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Borrow money<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Regulate commerce among the states and with
foreign countries<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Establish uniform laws dealing with immigration
and naturalization and bankruptcies<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><a href="http://i.imgur.com/NF0xZMf.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://i.imgur.com/NF0xZMf.png" height="240" width="320" /></a><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Coin money<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Make laws regarding the punishment for
counterfeiting<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Establish post offices<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Make copyright laws<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Establish federal courts in addition to the
Supreme Court<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Define and punish piracy<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Declare war<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Raise and support armies and a navy<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Create a national guard<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
The <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">necessary and proper clause</b>, or the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">elastic clause</b>, defined the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">implied powers</b>, which state that Congress
has the power to “make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into
execution the foregoing powers”. Congressional legislation reflects the tenor
of the times: Brady Bill (handgun waiting period), National Bank. Powers denied
to Congress include the denial of the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">writ
of habeas corpus</b> (giving appeal protection to the accused), the passage of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">bill of attainder laws</b> (proscribe
penalties without due process), passage of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ex
post facto laws</b> (take effect after the act takes place), and the ability
pass export taxes or grant titles of nobility.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
The President
must be a natural-born citizen, at least 35 years old, and a resident of the
United States for at least 14 years. The term of office is four years, limited
by a constitutional amendment to no more than two terms.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
Specific Powers
and Duties:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The power to act as commander in chief of the
armed forces<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The ability to gain information from members of
the executive branch<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The power to grant pardons<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The powers to make treaties with the consent of
the Senate<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The power to appoint ambassadors, justices, and
other officials with the advice and consent of the Senate<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The power to sign legislation or veto
legislation<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The duty to give Congress a State of the Union
report<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The power to call special sessions of Congress<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 24.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]-->The inherent power of the president<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
The President’s
powers have increased over time.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
Regarding the
Vice President, the only stated ability of the VP is to preside over the Senate
and be the deciding vote if there is a tie vote. The VP is next in line to succeed
the president in case of death, and can also take over the presidency if the
president is disabled.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Electoral College</b> consists of
presidential electors in each state. When a voter casts a vote for president,
the vote actually goes to one of the presidential electors appointed by the
President in the state. The number of electors for each state equals the number
of senators and representatives that state has in Congress. The candidate who
receives the most votes from electors receives all the electoral votes in that
state. The voters gather in Washington, D.C., in December and cast their
ballots based on the results of the November election.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
Judges have no
qualifications: they “hold their offices during good behavior”. Court has no
set size, but has nine justices today. Franklin Roosevelt attempted to add
justices to the Court in 1937 after the Court ruled a lot of his New Deal
programs unconstitutional, but this was rejected. Appointment process has
become very difficult: nominees are placed under questioning by the Senate
Judiciary Committee. The major power given to the judicial branch is defined
as: the judicial power (which) shall extend to all cases, in law an equity…” The
real power is <b>judicial review</b>, which has grown in importance throughout the
history of the Court. The Constitution describes cases through original
jurisdiction that the Court can hear directly. The vast majority of cases are
brought on appeal from state and federal courts: appellate jurisdiction. Due to
the election process, the Court has no direct responsibility or accountability
to the voters.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
Critics point out
the potential of a constitutional crisis developing if one branch attempts to
challenge the authority of another. Factors that can impact the function and
size of the presidency include the role of political parties, the growth of the
federal bureaucracy, the media, and the emergence of the U.S. as a major world
superpower after the Cold War, which requires the president to work with other
countries’ leaders.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://apgovernment2010.yolasite.com/resources/elastic.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://apgovernment2010.yolasite.com/resources/elastic.png" style="cursor: move;" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Federalism</b> is the division of power
between the government and states. The term “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">full faith and credit”</b> is used to describe the mutual respect and
legality of laws, public records, and judicial decisions made by the states. States
must respect each other’s laws, but states can challenge federal laws. However,
states are told they cannot challenge their citizens “<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">privileges and immunities</b>”. States are given a “republican form of
government”: limited representative. As said in the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Supremacy clause</b>: “The laws of the United States… shall be the
supreme law of the land”. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">McCulloch v
Maryland</b> established this precedent: Maryland could not tax the national
bank. The Tenth Amendment gave the states <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">reserved
powers</b>, powers not delegated to the Government by the Constitution but also
not denied.<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
In a national
emergency, the government can restrict its citizens’ rights. During WWII,
Roosevelt ordered Japanese-American citizens living on the West Coast to
internment camps<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
Not counting the
Bill of Rights and the prohibition amendments, the Constitution has been
amended only 15 times: creating additional power for the federal government
such as the legalization of progressive state tax (16<sup>th</sup>); limiting
power to the state governments such as prohibiting states from making laws that
deny equal protection for its citizens (14<sup>th</sup>); adding the right of
popular sovereignty to various groups such as former slaves (13<sup>th</sup>),
women (19<sup>th</sup>), and 18-year-olds (26<sup>th</sup>); taking away and
adding to the power of the voter to elect public officials (17<sup>th</sup>,
direct election of senators; 22<sup>nd</sup>, limiting presidential terms)l and
changing the structure of government (25<sup>th</sup>, presidential succession
and disability)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
Two methods to <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">ratification</b>: The first is a two-thirds
vote in both houses of Congress and ratification in three-fourths of the state
legislatures. The second method, only used once (prohibition), is when Congress
must call for a national constitutional convention after a request is made by
two-thirds of the state legislatures: either three-fourths of the state
legislatures must ratify the amendment or three-fourths of ratifying
conventions held in the states must approve it<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://shotatlife.org/assets/images/content-images/fdr.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://shotatlife.org/assets/images/content-images/fdr.png" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Unwritten Constitution: </b>The elastic
clause is perhaps the greatest instrument for change under Congress<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>Neither the Constitution nor any law
provides for the establishment of political parties, nominating conventions,
primaries, and most of the political systems we are used to<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>The filibuster (continuous debate) when used in the Senate to
block legislation becomes an additional check<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>The Supreme Court easily breaks new ground via judicial review<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>Custom and tradition are an integral
part of government<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">. </b>The two-term
presidency was tradition until FDR broke it. Afterwards, a constitutional
amendment limited the presidential terms to two.</div>
Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-29081508404566622482014-09-09T09:59:00.004-07:002014-12-31T11:15:38.210-08:00Chapter 1 Synthesis<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chapter 1 Synthesis</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://subdude-site.com/WebPics/WebPicsBushLib/BushIraq/bush_cartoon_clearLink_alqaedaIraq_550x347.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://subdude-site.com/WebPics/WebPicsBushLib/BushIraq/bush_cartoon_clearLink_alqaedaIraq_550x347.jpg" height="201" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">And God appeared as a burning bush and told his prophet 'Murica: let's go to Canaan</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 24pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Political thinking involves the careful gathering and examination of information in the process of forming a knowledgeable view about a political issue. Political thinking enables citizens to act responsibly, such as to vote, form a political opinion, or contribute to a political cause. The process through which conclusions are reached defines political thinking. Ignorance of facts can cause incomplete opinions at best. Democracy, which liberates the individual, is best with responsible citizenship.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 24pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are many barriers to political thinking. Although democracy provides the opportunity for personal development, the individual bears the responsibility for using that opportunity. Democracy is thus double-edged. The major barrier to political thinking is the unwillingness of citizens to make the effort. There is a knowledge gap based on the amount of attention paid to the news. In addition, some of today’s leading news sources provide unreliable information. Half of Americans get information from cable TV, talk shows, or Internet blogs. Most of this information is inaccurate and/or one-sided. Politicians tend to “spin” their messages to support themselves. In 2003, George W. Bush made his infamous "Mission Accomplished Speech", providing a twisted positive outlook on the grimy reality of the war that would follow. Daily newspaper readers get a better view of things, but their number is shrinking. Liberal bloggers have liberal followers: Like-minded people who group together are more likely to intensify, rather than expand, their views.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Political Science is the systematic study of government and politics. Political science is descriptive and analytical. It takes place through various frameworks: rational choice theory, institutional analysis, historical reasoning, and cultural analysis. It offers set of analytical tools that can increase one’s ability to think politically. An example is Barack Obama’s inability in 2010 to get the healthcare overhaul he had sought. Apart from Senate filibuster rule that impeded the Democratic majority, there was an equally large factor of </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b style="background-color: white;">individualism</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. America was a wilderness society: produced the idea that people ought to make it on their own. Compared to America, Europe had a society largely determined by birth: people were separated into classes. This spawned the belief that the government should take responsibility for the well-being of the less fortunate. As a result, America spends less per capita on social welfare vs. European democracies. Exception to individualism: social security under FDR. Both parties now embrace social security. Americans place a greater emphasis than Europeans on social advancement through education à If Americans are entrusted with their own welfare, they must be given a reasonable chance to succeed on their own. US has led the way in education, first by pioneering the idea of universal public schooling, then by creating the world’s most elaborate system of higher education. The nation’s college system is relatively open: close to 40% of young Americans attend college.
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/American_progress.JPG/1010px-American_progress.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/American_progress.JPG/1010px-American_progress.JPG" height="243" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Manifest Destiny: The idea that Americans have the will of God <span style="line-height: 1.5; text-indent: 24pt;">to</span><span style="line-height: 1.5; text-indent: 24pt;"> explore the frontier</span></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The basic function of government: protection through defense and support of individuals through raising revenue. The government thus influences everybody. The Preamble to the Constitution includes the establishment of a more perfect union, the establishment of justice, the insurance of domestic tranquility, the promotion of the general welfare, and the security of individual liberty.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Harold Laswell defined politics as “who gets what, when, and how”. People with similar needs, values, and attitudes will band together to form political parties. Individuals running for office must have a base of electoral support, a base of political support (the party), and a base of financial support. Issue of incumbency: people who are reelected have an advantage over new guys. Those who prevail in political conflicts are said t</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">o have </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>power</b></span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: the ability of persons, groups, or institutions to influence political developments. Power is basic to politics. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Authoritarian governments</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> openly repress their political opponents as a means to stay in power. The most extreme form of authoritarian government</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">totalitarianism</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, a</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">dmits to no limits on its power.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3CXS8EUlONJsEscaVGIhcjk6Hr8WNTmxdcZW59BorgglpYq-s87u542Z6dT22j0Pqo0ZEMnvFYrA8m4yo1oYnZERDu5eJdBrNdhotsPCrpPqpH1XkksqvzcozoxzAQGIuvYNTWjBL2js/s640/Politics+907.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3CXS8EUlONJsEscaVGIhcjk6Hr8WNTmxdcZW59BorgglpYq-s87u542Z6dT22j0Pqo0ZEMnvFYrA8m4yo1oYnZERDu5eJdBrNdhotsPCrpPqpH1XkksqvzcozoxzAQGIuvYNTWjBL2js/s640/Politics+907.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">America has a democratic system. Democracy comes from the Greek words </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">demos</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, which means “people”, and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kratis</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, meaning “rule”. Democracy is a form of the government in which the people govern, either directly or through elected representatives. A democracy is different from an </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">oligarchy</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">,</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> in whic</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">h control rests with a small group, and from an </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">autocracy</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, in which control rests with a single individu</span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">al, such as a king or dictator. In practice, democracy has come to mean majority rule through the free and open election of representatives. In the beginning, slaves and women were not given the right to vote. </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Majoritarianism</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></b><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">is the situation in which the majority effectively determines what the government does. Majoritarianism has its limits, as the public as a whole only takes interest in a few of the many policy decisions officials make. As a result, most policies are formulated in response to </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>interest groups</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, such as farmers. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Pluralism</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> involves different groups al vying for control of the policy agenda. It is argued that democracies are more often than not pluralistic than majoritarian. The Tea Party emerged in 2010 with a special interest in greatly reducing the role of the government. Because of pluralism, the United States government must operate on the basis of consensus and </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>compromise</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. President George HW Bush faced “gridlock” as a Republican president with a Democratic Congress. The electorate is crucial in determining who becomes president. Sometimes the electorate vote differs from the popular vote. A linkage institution is the means by which individuals can express preferences regarding the development of public policy. Examples of linkage institutions include political parties, special interest groups, and the media. Linkage institutions can influence the electorate à Tea Party affected 2010 midterm elections. Policy-making institutions play a big role in American policies. The President’s choice to sign or veto legislation determines the fate of the legislation and the resulting </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>public policy</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Congress determines the fate of the president’s </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>legislative agenda</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and the proposed budget. Supreme Court has direct impact on the public policy through its interpretation of the Constitution in response to cases brought to the court. Bureaucratic agencies greatly affect public policy. FDA refrained from approving the abortion pill RU486 and approved it in 2000 after a test on a private group.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">America has a Constitutional System. In a democracy, the majority could easily oppress the minority. To guard against such tyranny, the writers of the Constitution devised an elaborate system of </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>checks and balances</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, dividing authority among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches so that each branch could check the power of others. In addition, the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution as a further check on majority Constitutionalism: the idea that there are lawful restrictions on the government’s power. The Constitution is the highest law of the land. Officials have to act within the limits of the law, which include protections of individual rights. Combining the elements above has made </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>judicial action</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> – the use of the courts as a means of asserting rights and interests – a channel through which ordinary citizens exercise power. Ex: </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Gideon vs. Wainright</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> established that if the accused is too poor to hire a lawyer, then the government must provide one. America has a significantly more lawyers per capita than European countries.</span></div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Hourly_Minimum_Wages_in_Developed_Economies,_2011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Hourly_Minimum_Wages_in_Developed_Economies,_2011.jpg" height="400" width="286" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">America has a Free Market System. Many of society’s costs and benefits are allocated through the private sector, although economic systems differ in the degree of government intervention. In Communism (USSR, North Korea), the government owns most or all major industries and also takes responsibility for overall management of the economy, including production quotas, supply points, and pricing. In Socialism (Sweden), the government does no attempt to manage the overall economy, but owns a number of major industries and guarantees every individual a minimal standard of living. In a Free market (US), the economy mainly operates on private transactions. The US has a lower tax rate in comparison with European countries because it makes less effort to redistribute income from the rich to the poor in the form of economic assistance. Enormous concentrations of wealth and power exist in the U.S. private sector. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Corporate power</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> operates in part through the influence that firms have with policymakers. Annual income of a minimum wage worker is roughly 15,000, lower than that of a miminimum wage worker in France (18,000) or Britain (22,000). Wealth is the foundation of </span><span style="background-color: white; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>elitism</b></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, the power exercised by well-positioned and highly influential individuals.</span></div>
<span id="docs-internal-guid-459ff853-5b47-ad7a-abd7-80c37b0ecc1c"><br /></span>Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6058925658394723661.post-89020210022146146562014-08-27T11:34:00.002-07:002014-10-08T18:25:56.532-07:00A country looking for itself<div style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.600000381469727px;">
America has a governmental system that was painstakingly crafted from long discussions by its founding fathers. Yet, America is still struggling to meet its founding values. America thus is a nation searching for itself.</div>
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America was founded with the core values of liberty, equality, self-government, and individualism. America truly has met many of these goals, such as through establishing a relatively open education system. However, America struggles to address equality. In America, the middle class shrinking, while the top 1% is growing in wealth. In achieving one goal, America seems to compensate by taking a step back on another. In America, freedom seems to be an open invitation to be greedy and corrupt. In Abdul-Jabbar's article, "The Coming Race War Won't Be About Race", Abdul-Jabbar presents a case that the rich are manipulating the poor through corrupt sentimental news sources.</div>
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A historical case of taking one thing a step back to advance the other can be seen in federalism. In 1916, America a federal act passed that restricted the interstate shipment of goods produced by child labor. However, in 1918, the Supreme Court deemed the government as not having the power to to pass such a law, as such a power was allocated to the states.</div>
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America may have accomplished a lot, but it is blinded by its successes and confused by the news. Americans should, as Abdul-Jabbar said, find a specific agenda for change.<br />
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Reflection on Today's Seminar:<br />
Today's seminar was quite interesting. There were a lot of thought-provoking questions that were very hard to answer. I was definitely not well-prepared, in both showing evidence and stimulating discussion. I was impressed, however, by the effort other people put into the discussion. The discussion was deep but, I believe, left many issues unresolved. I would have liked to see our debate progress into more than "I'll take this side so I have something to say and you can take that side". To put it bluntly, there was no real passion in believing in the ideas, just general acceptance. At least that was how I felt.</div>
Kevinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14020322047664895141noreply@blogger.com0